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The authors revise the material associated with Scrophularia farinosa Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) and its synonyms according to "Flora Iranica". Two distinct taxa emerge, which differ in terms of morphology, anatomy, distribution and ecology and both deserve recognition at species level. Scrophularia longiflora Benth. is an earlier synonym of Scrophularia farinosa, and is reinstated as the valid name for this species based on priority principle. Scrophularia nana Stiefelh. which was synonymized with Scrophularia farinosa, is resurrected as a separate species. We provide a key to differentiate between the two species as well as detailed descriptions with illustrations and a distribution map. Additionally, lectotypes are designated for Scrophularia farinosa and Scrophularia nana.

Two new species of Scrophularia L. sect. Tomiophyllum Benth., S. attariae Ranjbar & Rahchamani and S. maharluica Ranjbar & Rahchamani, are described and illustrated from Fars Province, south Iran. The diagnostic morphological characters of these species and closely related taxa are discussed. The distribution, ecology and conservation status of the new species are also described. The value and utility of stem indumentum and leaf stomata is evaluated as an additional source of information for their taxonomy. Finally, an identification key and distribution map for the new taxa and related species are presented.

Scrophularia dianatnejadii Ranjbar & Rahchamani, a new species from Tehran Province in northern Iran, is described and illustrated. It is closely related to S. amplexicaulis Benth. and shares with it some diagnostic morphological characters such as habit, plant indument, phyllotaxy, and corolla shape and color. Both species are placed in Scrophularia L. sect. Mimulopsis Boiss. Macro- and micromorphological characters of the two are examined and compared. Pollen morphology of these species is investigated using SEM. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and conservation status of both species are provided.

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