Proper heat detection to achieve appropriate timing of insemination is the biggest restriction in attaining high conception rate in dairy herd. The estrus detection is the key issue to be considered on priority basis. Inefficient heat detection reduces the fertility status of herd. Interventions in existing management practices manifest estrus nicely. Manifestation of estrus is due to effect of estrogen on Central Nervous System (CNS). The standing to be ridden is the best reliable sign of estrus. Ovulation time is well estimated by standing heat. Different factors are responsible which affect estrous behavior, out of which feeding and management interventions are one of the most important factor. For improving efficiency of heat detection in animal visual observation is best method, if it is done three times a day for at least 30 minutes every time, however heat detection aids, if used in combination give better results. The progesterone (P ) estimation in milk and ultrasound monitoring of ovary and 4 reproductive tracts for estimation of ovulation time are other important methods. Ovulation time is very important point in dairy reproduction management, as optimum time for Artificial Insemination (A.I.) is based on, when ovulation takes place. It is already established that, estrus detection alone contributes considerably to reproductive status of the herd, therefore the need of the our is critical observation of dairy herd to reduce incidence of unnoticed estrus.

Objectives:To find out the frequency of Alzheimer’s and Vascular dementia in the elderly patients.Methods:This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Department of Medicine, Ziauddin Hospital Karachi from 1st October 2013 to 31st March 2014. Patients with symptoms of dementia for more than 6 months duration, and Mini Mental State Examination score <24 were included in this study. Patients who fell in category of dementia were assessed for duration of symptoms. Patients underwent CT scan of brain. Patients with generalized atrophy of brain on CT scanning of brain were labeled as Alzheimer’s dementia, while patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke on CT scan of brain were labeled as vascular dementia.Results:Four hundred twenty two patients were included in this study. There were 232 (54.98 %) male and 190 (45.02 %) were female. The mean age ± SD of the patients was 72.58±5.34 years (95% CI: 72.07 to 73.09), similarly average duration of symptoms was 10.14±2.85 months. About 18.96% of patients were illiterate, 32.23% were matric, 28.44% were intermediate and 20.33% were graduate and post graduate. Hypertension and diabetes were the commonest co-morbid i.e. 81.3% and 73.7%, hyperlipedimia and smoking were 38.2% and 45% respectively. Frequency of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in the elderly was observed in 3.79% (16/422) and 2.61% (11/422) cases.Conclusion:A good number of patients, 27 out of 422, in this hospital based study were suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Early detection and prompt treatment can reduce the burden of the disease in our population.

The low grade ejaculates are very common in bulls. Low grade ejaculates might be due to age or non specific factors like thermal stress, transport and vaccination stress during the dynamic life of bulls. Lipid peroxidation of membrane induced sperm damage further aggravates the situation. Researches reveal that selection of sperm and antioxidant fortification play crucial role in improving the quality of semen. Different methods used for semen up-gradation like washing, sedimentation, swim up procedure and filtration like percoll gradient, glass wool, sephadex and sephadex ion exchanger with significant improvement in motility, Hypo osmotic swelling test reactivity, viability and acrosomal integrity. Antioxidants are added directly to extender at standard dose rate with positive result. Among different filtration column used sephadex ion exchanger (FS+IE) was superior over other in improving the semen quality especially when fortified with Vitamin E. Moreover a complete protocol is required, which contain both antioxidant fortification and sperm selection simultaneously to handle the low grade semen from sub-fertile bulls.

IntroductionElectrolyte disturbances are commonly reported in acute stroke in studies conducted in the western world. Presently, the data available about the prevalence of electrolyte disturbance in patients with stroke are not sufficient, especially from developing countries. The purpose of our study is to determine the frequency of occurrence of electrolyte imbalance in patients presenting with acute stroke in a tertiary care hospital. MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of internal medicine and neurology in a tertiary care hospital, Pakistan, from December 2019 to March 2021. A total of 300 patients, aged between 30 and 70 years, with either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, as diagnosed on contrast tomography (CT) scan of the head or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, were enrolled in the study. The biochemical analysis of the stroke patients was done. ResultsOut of the 300 participants, 139 (46.3%) participants were from the ischemic stroke group while 161 (53.7%) were from the hemorrhagic stroke group. The mean sodium level was significantly lower in the ischemic group as compared to the hemorrhagic group (129.41 ± 3.12 mEq/L vs. 134.42 ± 3.46 mEq/L; p-value: <0.0001). Potassium level was significantly higher in the hemorrhagic group compared to the ischemic group (6.27 ± 1.12 mmol vs. 4.31 ± 0.71 mmol; p-value: <0.0001). ConclusionPatients coming to emergency with stroke should be screened immediately for electrolyte imbalance. Early identification of rapid imbalances of serum electrolytes may aid in prompt medical intervention and resultant improved outcomes in stroke patients. It is crucial that electrolyte imbalances in these patients are closely monitored to avoid any complications.

IntroductionVitamin D is responsible for regulating innate and adaptive immune responses and for boosting the immune system; hence, a decline in its levels results in autoimmunity. Current studies have linked the deficiency of vitamin D to different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we will determine the association between vitamin D level and RA. MethodsThis is a case-control study, conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from January 2021 to May 2021. Three hundred patients with a confirmed recent diagnosis of RA were enrolled as the study group. Another 300 participants without RA, matched for age and gender, were enrolled in the study as a control group. RA was diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms, radiological features on X-ray, and anti-citrullinated protein levels of more than 20 u/mL. ResultsThe mean vitamin D level in participants with RA was significantly lower than in the placebo group (30.18 ± 6.27 vs. 38.29 ± 7.98; p-value: <0.0001). The mean vitamin D level in participants with positive RF patients was significantly lower compared to rheumatoid factor (RF)-negative RA patients (29.21 ± 5.16 vs. 32.26 ± 7.02; p-value: <0.0001). There were more participants with hypovitaminosis D in RF-positive participants as compared to RF negative (88.6% vs. 44.3%; p-value: 0.00001). ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with RA and there is a link with disease severity. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is required while evaluating the at-risk patients, especially women, with complaints of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation may be needed for the prevention or avoidance of the progression of the disease.