Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) is a technology that can acquire three-dimensional information of incoherent objects such as fluorescence with an in-line optical system. However, it is difficult to apply FINCH to dynamic phenomena, since FINCH has to detect phase-shifted holograms sequentially to eliminate twin and zero-order images. In this paper, a method in which the phase-shifted holograms can be obtained simultaneously with an in-line setup by using an optimized simulated diffraction optical element (sDOE), realized by a phase-only spatial light modulator, is proposed. The optimized sDOE is an optical device with a dual-focus lens, 2D grating, and spatial phase shifter. Therefore, the sDOE is called a dual-focus checkerboard lens. The optical experiment confirms the feasibility of the proposed method.

The imaging quality of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) based on the transport of intensity equation (TIE) can be improved using a higher-order approximation for defocused intensity distributions. However, this requires mechanically scanning an image sensor or object along the optical axis, which in turn requires a precisely aligned optical setup. To overcome this problem, a computer-generated hologram (CGH) technique is introduced to TIE-based QPI. A CGH generating defocused point spread function is inserted in the Fourier plane of an object. The CGH acts as a lens and grating with various focal lengths and orientations, allowing multiple defocused intensity distributions to be simultaneously detected on an image sensor plane. The results of a numerical simulation and optical experiment demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method.

Motionless optical scanning holography (MOSH) has been proposed for three-dimensional incoherent imaging in single-pixel holography with a simple optical setup. To reduce the measurement time in MOSH, a spatially divided phase-shifting technique is introduced. The proposed method realizes measurements four times faster than the original MOSH, owing to the simultaneous lateral and phase shifts of a time-varying Fresnel zone plate. A hologram reproduced by the proposed method forms a spatially multiplexed phase-shifting hologram similar to parallel phase-shifting digital holography. The effectiveness of the proposed method is numerically and experimentally verified.

Optical scanning holography (OSH) is an attractive technique since 3D information can be obtained with a single pixel detector. However, OSH requires an interferometer, scanning architecture, and a frequency shifter to scan a time-varying Fresnel zone plate (FZP), which makes the optical setup complicated. To reduce the complexity, the polarization sensitivity of a spatial light modulator (SLM) is applied. The proposed method implements a time-varying FZP with an in-line optical setup by using only an SLM. Observing results for a USAF pattern and a fluorescent bead reveals the feasibility of the new motionless holographic 3D imaging technique.

Three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging is an essential technique in the biomedical field. In particular, 3D fluorescence imaging through dynamic scattering media is a crucial task for the minimally invasive observation of labeled cells. In this study, this task was accomplished via motionless optical scanning holography, proposed as a single-pixel 3D imaging technique. The proposed method does not require additional computational processing or optical components when the detected intensities do not considerably fluctuate irrespective of the presence of dynamic scattering media. The results of a proof-of-principle experiment indicated that the proposed method can help in computationally refocusing fluorescent objects that are placed at different positions behind dynamic scattering media.