This study was carried out to determine the thickness of the ASZ, including its relationship to the fibular tip, and the level of PCL insertion at the proximal tibia. METHODS Ten pairs of embalmed, normal cadaveric legs containing intactPTFJs were included in the study (age 48-60 years). All specimens were disarticulated at the level of the knee joint. Soft tissues around the proximal tibia and PTFJ were dissected to identify the articular cartilage of the tibial condyles and PCL insertion.The posterior capsule of the PTFJ was longitudinally incised to identify the articular surface at the tibial site. Incisions were made carefully in order to avoid causing instability of the PTFJ. Using a digital vernier calliper, the height of the fibular tip was determined as the distance from the fibular tip to the upper end of the articular cartilage of the PTFJ at the tibial site (Fig. 1). The capsule of the PTFJ was then completely excised. The fibular head was displaced anteriorly and the posterolateral aspect of the proximal tibia exposed. The ASZ for osteotomy was identified as the area between the end of the articular cartilage of the posterolateral corner of the proximal tibia and the upper articular cartilage of the PTFJ at the tibial site. The thickness of the ASZ was then measured (Fig. 2). The distance between the ASZ and the fibular tip was calculated. The level of PCL insertion was measured as the distance from the end of the posterior articular surface of the proximal tibial to the lowest insertion of the PCL. Tibial and fibular lengths were measured using a ruler. The data were presented as

Purpose Posterior hip fracture-dislocation needs stability evaluation. A previous study in the normal acetabulum has shown that the coronal posterior acetabular arc angle (PAAA) could be used to assess an unstable posterior hip fracture. Our study was designed to assess PAAA of unstable posterior hip fracture-dislocation and whether posterior acetabular wall fracture involves the superior acetabular dome. Methods Using coronal computed tomography (CT) of the acetabulum and 3D reconstruction of the lateral pelvis, we measured coronal, vertical PAAA and posterior acetabular wall depth of 21 unstable posterior hip fracture-dislocations and of 50 % normal contralateral acetabula. Posterior acetabular wall fracture was assessed to determine whether the fracture involved the superior acetabular dome and then defined as a high or low wall fracture using vertical PAAA in reference to the centroacetabulo-greater sciatic notch line. Results The coronal PAAA of unstable posterior hip fracturedislocations and of 50 % of the posterior acetabular wall of normal the contralateral acetabulum were 54.48°(9.09°) and 57.43°(5.88°) and corresponded to 15.06 (4.39) and 15.61

Background:Medial displaced posterior calcaneal tubercle creates varus deformity of an intraarticular calcaneal fracture. The fracture involves posterior calcaneal facet and the calcaneal body so we developed a measurement technique representing the angle between posterior facet and long axis of calcaneus using lateral malleolus and longitudinal bone trabeculae of posterior calcaneal tubercle as references to obtain calcaneal varus angle.Materials and Methods:52 axial view calcaneal radiographs of 26 volunteers were studied. Angles between posterior facet and long axis of calcaneus were measured using the measurements 1 and 2. Angle of measurement 1, as gold standard, was obtained from long axis and posterior facet of calcaneus whereas measurement 2 was obtained from a line, perpendicular to apex curve of lateral cortex of the lateral malleolus and a line parallel to the longitudinal bone trabeculae of posterior calcaneal tubercle. No more than 3° of difference in the angle of both measurements was accepted. Reliability of the measurement 2 was statistically tested.Results:Angles of measurement 1 and 2 were 90.04° ± 4.00° and 90.58° ± 3.78°. Mean of different degrees of both measurements was 0.54° ± 2.31° with 95% of confidence interval: 0.10°-1.88°. The statistical analysis of measurement 1 and 2 showed more than 0.75 of ICC and 0.826 of Pearson correlation coefficient.Conclusion:Technique of measurement 2 using lateral malleolus and longitudinal bone trabeculae of posterior calcaneal tubercle as references has strong reliability for representing the angle between long axis and posterior facet of calcaneus to achieve calcaneal varus angle.