Introduction: Macromolecules with unique effects and potency are increasingly being considered for application in lung pathologies. Numerous delivery strategies for these macromolecules through the lung have been investigated to improve the targeting and overall efficacy.Areas covered: Targeting approaches from delivery devices, formulation strategies and specific targets are discussed.Expert opinion: Although macromolecules are a heterogeneous group of molecules, a number of strategies have been investigated at the macro, micro, and nanoscopic scale for the delivery of macromolecules to specific sites and cells of lung tissues. Targeted approaches are already in use at the macroscopic scale through inhalation devices and formulations, but targeting strategies at the micro and nanoscopic scale are still in the laboratory stage. The combination of controlling lung deposition and targeting after deposition, through a combination of targeting strategies could be the future direction for the treatment of lung pathologies through the pulmonary route.

of incubation at 37C, the medium was discarded and replaced with 100 L of DMSO.The OD 570 was determined with a microplate reader (CLARIO Star Microplate reader, BMG Labtech, UK) and each experiment was repeated three times with five replicates in each experiment. The OD 570 obtained for the controls cells (no extract) was arbitrarily set at 100% and the OD 570 value for cells treated with extracts were expressed as a percentage of this control. The IC 50 values were calculated using

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