Tallow mainly consists of triglycerides, whose major constituents are derived from stearic, palmitic and oleic acids, and its usage reduces production cost of soap, adds lather stability and hardness to soap. Laundry soaps were produced with variation on amount of tallow (sourced from cow, sheep and goat) and labelled as A, B, C, D and E formulations. The respective tallows were characterized in terms of saponification value and acid value and determined to be 192.14 and 2.24mg KOH/g (cow tallow); 200.56 and 2.38mgKOH/g (sheep tallow) and 197.75 and 1.96 mgKOH/g (goat tallow). The physicochemical properties of soap which determine its area of usage and cleansing properties were determined. The properties considered in this work were hardness, moisture content, foam capacity, pH, free acidity content, and total fatty matter. The hardness, moisture content, foam capacity, pH, free acidity content and total fatty matter of the produced soaps were determined and ranged between mild-deep penetration level; 11-21%; 1-9cm; 8-10.5; 0.16-0.82% and 40-86% respectively. From the comparative analysis, soap made from sheep tallow has the lowest penetration level (with formulations B and E), lowest free acidity content of 0.16% (with formulation A), highest total fatty matter of 86% (using formulation E), highest foam height of 9cm (with formulation A), lowest moisture content of 11% (with formulation A) and mild alkalinity of 8 (with formulations A, B and E). These results showed that the soaps produced from sheep tallow are the best in terms of hardness, lather and skin friendliness, due to its high degree of longer carbon chain lengths of fatty acids. These values satisfy the standard limit set for good quality laundry soap by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control and Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis, respectively.

Chemical and physical comparative effect of wet and dry beneficiation processes for p Chemical and physical comparative effect of wet and dry beneficiation processes for p Chemical and physical comparative effect of wet and dry beneficiation processes for p Chemical and physical comparative effect of wet and dry beneficiation processes for purification of kaolin was urification of kaolin was urification of kaolin was urification of kaolin was studied. studied. studied. studied. X X X X-ray flourescence ray flourescence ray flourescence ray flourescence XRF and particle size analysis of kaolin clay before and after beneficiation were carried XRF and particle size analysis of kaolin clay before and after beneficiation were carried XRF and particle size analysis of kaolin clay before and after beneficiation were carried XRF and particle size analysis of kaolin clay before and after beneficiation were carried out. The Si/Al ratio of the raw kaolin out. The Si/Al ratio of the raw kaolin out. The Si/Al ratio of the raw kaolin out. The Si/Al ratio of the raw kaolin which was 1.90 decreased by 1.6 and 17.9% after the wet and dry which was 1.90 decreased by 1.6 and 17.9% after the wet and dry which was 1.90 decreased by 1.6 and 17.9% after the wet and dry which was 1.90 decreased by 1.6 and 17.9% after the wet and dry beneficiation processes respectively. beneficiation processes respectively. beneficiation processes respectively. beneficiation processes respectively. The clay content of the raw clay which was 48 wt% was improved to 73 wt% The clay content of the raw clay which was 48 wt% was improved to 73 wt% The clay content of the raw clay which was 48 wt% was improved to 73 wt% The clay content of the raw clay which was 48 wt% was improved to 73 wt% after the dry beneficiation while the impurity content was reduced from 52 to 27wt%. after the dry beneficiation while the impurity content was reduced from 52 to 27wt%. after the dry beneficiation while the impurity content was reduced from 52 to 27wt%. after the dry beneficiation while the impurity content was reduced from 52 to 27wt%.

The cost and the health effects of using other forms of energy, such as energy from fossil fuels and coal, make it necessary to find alternative sources of energy which are cheap and have no health effects on humans, animals and the environment. The energy derived from animal wastes, such as camel, donkey and horse dung, provide that alternative source of energy to humanity. To treat the problem of fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions, biogas is considered a potential source of clean renewable energy. The aim of this work is to compare the amount of biogas produced from cow, horse and camel dung. This work used three 1 litre capacity plastic gallons as prototype biodigesters. These biodigesters were operated and daily gas produced from the dung was observed for 37 days retention time. The digesters were fed with the same proportion of dung from each animal, and water. The operating temperatures of the digesters were maintained within the range of 34-390C, while pH values of the slurries ranged from 4.90 to 7.3. The biogas produced in 37 days retention time were found to be (4550 cm3)/150g for camels, (2210 cm3)/150g for donkeys and (4000 cm3 )/150g for horses. It was observed that the dungs were stagnant for one week, and the more the retention time, the more gas was produced. This investigation revealed that the gas production process was started on day 7, due to the fact that those animals were fed with fibrous materials and a longer time is required for digesting fibrous materials by microorganisms. The results obtained are compared in order of camel > horse > donkey. It was found that camels produce the highest volume of gas followed by horse and then donkey. The process of methane gas production, if extended to the commercial scale, would not only provide an alternative source of energy but would also be a means of environmental sanitation for the study area and Nigeria at large.

Presently, Nigeria's energy security severely relies on costly imported fossil fuels. As a response to this constraint, the government is currently promoting research and development of renewable and sustainable energy. On a global scale, amidst global fossil fuel depletion situation and critical environmental pollution orchestrating from combustion of the fossil fuels, focus on renewable energy development is becoming unavoidable. Development of renewable energy is a desirable step towards minimizing the impact of fossil energy on the environment in the context of clean development mechanism. In this study, typical energy characteristics of biomass corn residues (cob, straw and stalk) were investigated in order to determine their suitability for power generation. Results indicated that the biofuel properties of the residues evidently presented the that they are suitable feedstock for power generation. In addition, the framework of the study also performs the estimation of bioenergy potential of the selected residues. It was found that with just 50% leftover availability factor (β LAF = 0.5), a significant amount of the national electricity demand can be met if the residues are utilized for rural electrification in the country.

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