Los niños que permanecen con un Trastorno Prolongado de Conciencia (TPC) presentan un complejo desafío clínico, ético y legal para médicos y cuidadores. Se define TPC cualquier trastorno de la conciencia que continúa durante al menos 4 semanas después de una lesión cerebral de aparición repentina. El TPC incluye las subcategorías de estado vegetativo/estado de vigilia sin respuesta (EV/ SVSR) y el estado de mínima conciencia (ECM). Los niños con TPC carecen de capacidad para tomar decisiones respecto a su cuidado y tratamiento, las que deben tomarse sobre la base de sus mejores beneficios. Estos beneficios pueden variar de paciente a paciente, entre médicos, familia y público general llevando a conflictos, en sus esfuerzos respectivos para hacer lo que creen correcto para el paciente. El diagnóstico se basa en evaluaciones clínicas que por sí solas, tienen hasta un 45% de errores, por lo que deben complementarse con guías clínicas estandarizadas y en ocasiones estudios paraclínicos. Otro aspecto que dificulta la evaluación son las redenominaciones, definiciones y subcategorizaciones cambiantes de los TPC, que en algunos casos varían entre diferentes estudios a nivel internacional. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una puesta al día de los diferentes TPC, su definición, subcategorización, etiología, pronóstico, evaluación integral y manejo en Pediatría y contribuir a la mejor práctica clínica en base a la evidencia actual disponible.
Purpose: Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (SVT) is a rare but severe condition, with neonates having the highest incidence among pediatric patients. The underlying conditions contributing to SVT are heterogeneous, and although anticoagulation therapy (ACT) is safe and potentially beneficial, the evidence supporting its effectiveness on neurological outcomes is lacking. This study analyzed the association of clinical-demographic characteristics and ACT in the acute setting with vital-neurological outcomes at discharge in neonates with SVT. Methodology: This cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from 30 neonates with SVT confirmed by MRI/MRV at a single center in Chile between 2005 and 2021. Penalized maximum likelihood logistic regression models were conducted to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Results: The median gestational age, weight, and age of diagnostic were 38 weeks (IQR 37–39), 3141 grams (IQR 2579–3478), and 15 days (IQR 8.7–27.5), respectively. All patients had diffuse neurological signs. Acute seizures and focal deficits were detected in 12 (40%) and 1 (3.3%) cases. At discharge, 15 (50%) patients had a neurological deficit, and 7 (23.3%) died. The frequency of ACT use was higher between 2013 and 2021 than between 2005 and 2012 (8% vs. 2%, Fisher's exact test, p 0.05). Adjusted for demographic and clinical variables, ACT was negatively associated with adverse vital or neurological outcomes (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.03–1.00). Conclusions: ACT increased its use over time. Our results suggest that ACT in neonates with SVT is associated with better neurological outcomes at discharge and lower in-hospital case fatality. Further follow-up is needed to establish long-term associations.
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