Tree species increases the number of ecological niches and associated species such as understory plants and animals hence, increased landscape ecosystem diversity. Rapid environmental and economic changes are posing serious dangers to ecosystems and economic systems around the world. This has resulted in the extinction of species, droughts, and price fluctuations in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to document landscape diversity and ecosystem resilience as a tool for natural resources management. The species from one ecosystem's functional group may temporarily support a functional group in another ecosystem, significant variety can help to maintain ecological stability. Hence, building on these insights, diversity at landscape level is paramount to promoting resilient livelihoods as a means of improving the health and functioning of socio-ecological systems, as well as a mechanism for achieving food security. The study concludes that there should be involving many actors in a landscape management aspect to stimulate knowledge exchange and training

Variations in precipitation that affect water resources have drawn a lot of attention to climate change-related water quality issues in recent years. Point and non-point source contaminants have an impact on water quality due to seasonal rainfall variability, and rainfall events are crucial in spreading these pollutants. Sub-Saharan Africa has the least stable access to freshwater supplies. Numerous academics have undertaken extensive research on the connection between climate change and water resources, yielding significant research findings. However, there is a dearth of quantitative analysis and thorough evaluation of research accomplishments. The purpose of the study was to undertake an organized literature review on the topic of examining the relationship between Sub-Saharan Africa's water resources and climate change. In the first segment, Vos-Viewer was used to map, study the literature, and identify any gaps in order to evaluate the impact of rainfall variability on water quality. The adaptation and mitigation strategies for water availability were described in the second section. This report utilizes the VOS-Viewer bibliometric software to create a combative network and keyword co-occurrence map based on the pertinent literature on the topics of climate change and water resources in the core collection of the Web of Science database and dimension. According to the study's findings, cooperation networks are not as prominent as research networks between developed and developing nations. It was also shown that irregular rainfall affects water quality by giving the water a muddy, acidic, and turbid appearance. According to the assessment, the study's conclusions suggest that involving all significant parties and adopting strong rules can facilitate prudent water usage and management. This is crucial for the 884 million people whose survival depends on surface water resources.

Land degradation has made it difficult for people to make a living in Uganda, one of the world's poorest nations. Land degradation in Uganda poses a severe danger to rural populations' ability to support themselves. The primary natural resource used by humans for economic, social, infrastructure, and other human endeavors is land. Land resources are so crucial in determining rural livelihoods, and the absence of sustainable land management techniques results in land degradation. This study looked at the Kanungu district in southwestern Uganda in order to examine the relationship between land degradation and rural populations' ability to support themselves. Additionally, the factors that affect households in the study area's ability to diversify their sources of income are covered. The objective of this paper is to provide an in-depth understanding of the causes of land degradation and its impacts on livelihoods, as well as possible solutions to the impacts of land degradation in Kanungu district. To achieve these objectives, the study used a cross-sectional research approach, where the information gathered reflects the state of affairs at a specific time, making it possible to gather insightful information quickly. Since a cross-sectional survey allows for the gathering of data using a range of techniques, a mixed method was used in this study, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques. As a result, the study findings proved that there was a significant positive relationship between the effects of land degradation and the livelihoods of farmers (p 0.01, r =.530**) in Kanungu District, which suggests that adoption of new seed varieties which can withstand harsh climatic conditions, strengthening agricultural reforms, and agroforestry would improve the livelihoods of local farmers to improve their savings and production of quality crop products. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis was therefore accepted and it was concluded that "There is a significant relationship between land degradation and the livelihoods of farmers in Kanungu District." Hence, it can be concluded that land degradation significantly affects the livelihoods of farmers. It is also concluded that a majority of the participants agree that deforestation causes land degradation.

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is a global strategy for enhancing food productivity amidst climate change uncertainties in the 21st century. CSA improves farmers’ incomes, reduces greenhouse emissions, and farming systems become resilient to climate change. Despite the vital role that CSA plays in the development of the agricultural industry and the economy, the extent to which CSA is related to sustainable agriculture (SA) is not well documented. Is CSA the same as SA? If they are the same, do CSA practices impose mitigation requirements for developing countries like Uganda? Studies or research on CSA and SA unfortunately have certain shortcomings. Lack of this knowledge makes it difficult to plan investments and develop policies that will increase farmers’ resilience to climate change and variability to improve SA. This study is aimed at assessing how CSA links to SA and whether the two contribute to climate change mitigation requirements. It was found that CSA and SA are also related in a way that the latter leads to lowering greenhouse gas emissions hence mitigating climate change. CSA and SA share a common principal goal of achieving food security. It was concluded that developing countries are the worst affected by the negative impacts of climate change and don’t have the adaptive capacity to respond to climate change effects.

Worldwide, wetlands cover about 9% of the land surface and are recognized as bio-networks that offer living prospects when managed properly. Despite the present resource management regime, many wetlands in Uganda are being degraded due to mining, construction, agricultural and industrial activity, and little attention has been paid to the effectiveness of wetland conservation. The goal of this research was to evaluate Nyamuriro wetland conservation and management practices in Muko Sub-County, Rubanda District, in south-western Uganda. The study was guided by specific objectives, which included investigating the management approaches used in Nyamuriro wetland conservation, identifying the management challenges preventing Nyamuriro wetland conservation, and evaluating sustainable solutions to the challenges preventing Nyamuriro wetland conservation. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design that included qualitative and quantitative data gathering and analysis techniques. A total of 109 people participated in the study using simple random and purposive sampling approaches. In this study, data was collected using questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observational approaches. Most respondents strongly agree that wetland restoration is the best management approach for Nyamuriro wetland conservation (Mean = 4.87, SD = 0.547). Corruption was the most significant hindrance to the conservation of Nyamuriro wetland among the management problems (Mean = 3.41, SD = 0.467). Overall, the data showed that there was a significant positive association between conservation management techniques but not between viable Nyamuriro wetland conservation measures. The study recommended that strict laws and procedures should be put in place to ease restrictions on wetland conservation.