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Abstract There has been widespread discussion of biases in the sciences. The extent of most forms of bias has scarcely been confronted with rigorous data. In the present article, we evaluated the potential for geographic, taxonomic, and citation biases in publications between temperate and tropical systems for nine broad topics in ecology and evolutionary biology. Across 1,800 papers sampled from 60,000 peer-reviewed, empirical studies, we found consistent patterns of bias in the form of increased numbers of studies in temperate systems. Tropical studies were nearly absent from some topics. Furthermore, there were strong taxonomic biases across topics and geographic regions, as well as evidence for citation biases in many topics. Our results indicate a strong geographic imbalance in publishing patterns and among different taxonomic groups across a wide range of topics. The task ahead is to address what these biases mean and how they influence the state of our knowledge in ecology and evolution.

Management of mangrove ecosystems is complex, given that mangroves are both terrestrial and marine, often cross regional or national boundaries, and are valued by local stakeholders in different ways than they are valued on national and international scales. Thus, mangrove governance has had varying levels of success, analyzed through concepts such as principles of good governance and procedural justice in decision‐making. Although there is substantial research on case studies of mangrove management, global comparisons of mangrove governance are lacking. This research aims to fill this gap by comparing relationships among qualities of governance across mangrove social‐ecological systems worldwide. Through a systematic literature search and screening process, we identified 65 articles that discussed mangrove governance and conservation. Case studies in these articles, drawn from 39 countries, were categorized as top‐down, bottom‐up, or comanaged and thematically coded to assess the influence of eight principles of good governance in mangrove conservation success. Across all three governance systems, the principles of legitimacy, fairness, and integration were most important in determining conservation success or failure. These principles are closely related to the concept of procedural justice, highlighting the importance of stakeholder inclusion throughout all stages of mangrove management. Thus, we recommend clearly defined roles for all governance actors, transparent communication of policy development to stakeholders, fairness in both process and outcome, and careful consideration of sustainable access to conservation resources.

ResumenSe estudiaron cuatro especies de cactáceas: Esposta melanostele, Haageocereus pseudomelanostele subsp. aureispinus, Melocactus peruvianus y Neoraimondia arequipensis subsp. roseiflora, presentes en el ecosistema árido Cerro Umarcata, Valle del Río Chillón, Canta-Lima. Se encontraron dos fenofases, floración y fructificación con ocho estadios fenológicos entre Octubre 2006 y Setiembre 2007. Para la fenofase de floración, los estadios fenológicos Flor Marchita y Botón Abortado fueron dominantes, mientras que para la fenofase de fructificación, el estadio fenológico Fruto Maduro se presentó en un porcentaje bajo durante el año. El factor Temperatura se correlacionó positivamente con los estadios fenológicos Flor Marchita, Fruto Apareciendo, Fruto Maduro y Fruto Dehiscente, mientras que el factor Humedad Relativa se correlacionó positivamente con los estadios fenológicos Botón Floral, Floración Total, Fruto Apareciendo y Fruto Verde. Palabras clave: Cactaceae, fenología, fenofases, estadio fenológico. AbstractFour species of cacti found in the Cerro Umarcata, Chillon River Valley, Canta-Lima arid ecosystem were studied. Phenological patterns for flowering and fruiting were recorded for Espostoa melanostele, Haageocereus pseudomelanostele subsp. aureispinus, Melocactus peruvianus and Neoraimondia arequipensis subsp. roseiflora between October 2006 and

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