В данном исследовании представлен обзор теоретических исследований, связанных с измерением интеллектуального капитала, а также эмпирических исследований, посвященных оценке влияния интеллектуального капитала на стоимость бизнеса. В результате были выявлены направления развития исследований по данной тематике. Проанализировав группы методов оценки интеллектуального капитала, мы выявили, что методы прямого измерения и методы подсчета очков (SC - методы) являются наиболее походящими ля оценки компонентов интеллектуального капитала. Однако для получения более объективных результатов оценки необходимо разработать систему показателей интеллектуального капитала, описывающих состояние каждого компонента (человеческого, структурного и отношенческого) и субкомпонента (инновационного и процессного, клиентского и сетевого) капитала с учетом отраслевой специфики деятельности предприятия. Проанализировав специальную литературу, мы обобщили и систематизировали индикаторы интеллектуального капитала. Выявлено, что в настоящее время существует мало работ, посвященных показателям сетевого капитала, и проблема измерения данного субкомпонента интеллектуального капитала ещё не решена. В части эмпирических исследований при разработке моделей оценки влияния интеллектуального капитала на рыночную стоимость бизнеса и показатели эффективности его деятельности необходимо включать факторы, описывающие состояние всех компонент и субкомпонент интеллектуального капитала, а также синергетические эффекты, вызванные взаимодействием отдельных компонент интеллектуального капитала. Кроме того, есть потребность в работах, посвященных оценке взаимного влияния отдельных компонентов и субкомпонентов интеллектуального капитала. Разработанные модели должны быть апробированы на данных компаний различных отраслей отдельно с целью выявления отраслевой специфики влияния компонентов интеллектуального капитала на стоимость бизнеса. Также при анализе имеет смысл принимать во внимание факторы, связанные с внешней средой компании, такие как уровень экономического развития страны, на территории которой компания осуществляет свою деятельность, а также колебания экономической активности.
The West Siberian economic region remains a territory with high potential of liquid hydrocarbons production, which serve as a reserve for long-term development not only for this region, but for Russia as a whole. Experts claim that Western Siberia provides 70% of Russia’s oil production and accounts for 61% of the mineral extraction tax revenues. According to forecasts of the Ministry of Energy, if oil production is not stimulated, then by 2035 the volume of oil production will significantly reduce and budget revenue will decrease by 4.1 trillion rubles. At present, in order to increase the investment attractiveness of the industry, changes in tax and customs legislation are being introduced. However, the effects of the reforms are not obvious. Employing scenario analysis, the case method and financial modeling on the basis of publicly available information, we assess the impact of changes in tax and customs legislation on the investment attractiveness of oil field development projects. The main hypothesis of the study about the positive impact of the tax maneuver on the attractiveness of projects was partially confirmed. However, in all considered scenarios the internal rate of return does not exceed 13%. This is significantly lower than the global average rate of return for oil and gas industry. This points to the need for further adjustments to the tax and customs legislation to ensure sustainable growth and development of the oil and gas industry. The model created to assess the impact of alternative tax regimes on the investment attractiveness of hydrocarbon exploration and development projects can also be used to identify potential benefits and tax consequences for both the investor and the state.
Russian stakeholders of joint stock companies, which shares are not traded on a stock exchange, and limited liability companies need the effective instruments which enable them to detect the facts of financial statement fraud quickly because the financial statement remains the main source of information about the companies’ performance for them. Although Institute of Auditors is one of the most reliable tools which identify financial statement manipulations, the costs, connected with audit, are too high and, and as a result, stakeholders have to look for other instruments to distinguish fraudsters, which make an attempt to overestimate or underestimate net assets and financial results, from non-fraudsters. Mathematical model of the American researcher Messod Beneish can be considered as an example of such tools. The general purpose of this paper is to identify whether it is possible, basing on the Beneish model, to create a new one, which enables to distinguish fraudulent from non-fraudulent financial statements reporting in Russia, and determine the accuracy level of fraud status forecasts made by using this model. In our research we are going to concentrate on identification of companies, which overestimate net assets and financial results. Tо obtain the information on the financial ratios included in the model we use financial reports of Russian both non-traded joint stock companies and limited liability firms. The conclusion can also be drawn that it is possible to develop the fraud detection probit model and linear model (integrated M-score index), which enabled stakeholders to identify fraud status correctly in 83% and 60 % respectively. Developing the model we include extra parameters, connected with growth rate of other income to sales ratio and an accounting policy of the company. It was found that fraud risk increases if the company chooses accounting policy according to which administrative costs are charged to core product expenses.
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