During the autumn season, it is common for mushroom pickers to eat poisonous mushrooms. This is due to many reasons, including the ignorance of pickers. The most common is the misidentification of inedible species as edible mushrooms. The result is poisoning, which in many cases requires hospitalization. This paper presents a case report of toadstool poisoning by a 62-year-old female patient. In addition, other relevant publications on intoxication, diagnostic methods and treatment are reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to present the management and treatment of a case of toadstool poisoning. The effects of mushroom poisoning can range from mild disorders, mainly gastrointestinal to organ failure and even death. Significant elevations of liver enzymes and prothrombin time are important in laboratory tests in cases of intoxication. Treatment most often involves specific antidotes, such as Sylimarin, Acetylcysteine. The diagnosis in most cases is made on the basis of the clinical picture and a thorough interview with the patient, and the diagnosis is established by detecting toxins in a urine test. The prognosis is better if patients with toadstool poisoning are admitted to the hospital early. It is worth noting that gastrointestinal syndromes can also result from eating raw or inadequately cooked mushrooms, and by eating them excessively or too often. Proper diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning can save lives. It is very important to raise public awareness of mushroom poisoning, as well as early detection of potential signs of intoxication. Cooperation with the poison center and mycologists is very important, especially in high-risk cases.

Introduction and purpose: More and more reports suggest that diabetes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding this link may provide a new approach to modulating the onset and progression of sporadic AD cases. The aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge on the basic mechanisms and factors influencing the development of AD in patients with type 2 diabetes in the context of clinical practice. State of knowledge: It is estimated that up to 80% of Alzheimer's patients have glucose intolerance or diabetes. Impaired insulin signaling can lead to abnormal processing and accumulation of beta-amyloid protein, which can result in memory deficits and cognitive decline. Insulin deficiency can also cause over-activity of the GSK3 enzyme, leading to tau hyperphosphorylation and senile plaque accumulation. Diabetes can also cause fibrotic changes in cerebral vessels, disrupting brain metabolism and potentially leading to hippocampus atrophy. The release of cytokines during the metabolic syndrome can also cause oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to neuronal atrophy. It has been reported that healthy diet, physical exercises and prevention of metabolic diseases may reduce the incidence of AD. Conclusions: Epidemiological data and pathophysiological studies indicate a significant relationship between these diseases that AD is sometimes called Type 3 diabetes. Early detection of hyperglycemia and its proper management, may be crucial in the context of the clinical prevention of dementia diseases. It is essential to pay attention to the cognitive abilities of patients with metabolic diseases.

Although urolithiasis is a common disease in the European population, bilateral staghorn stones are a relatively rare variant of nephrolithiasis. It is often associated with a chronic urinary tract infection or a metabolic disorder. The aim of this paper is to show an example of the treatment of bilateral staghorn  stones in a patient chronically infected with a resistant strain of Proteus mirabilis. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is currently the gold standard of treatment.  And this is the way the patient was managed. In the following section, the authors sought to describe new reports on this treatment method and how it could be improved.  Conservative treatment does not appear to be a safe alternative. And of the other surgical treatments, PCNL has the greatest benefits. Nearly 68% of patients with bilateral staghorn  stones have some underlying metabolic disorder in a small sample of patients. It seems reasonable, therefore, to introduce genetic and metabolic diagnosis in younger patients with the aim of prevention through diet or pharmacotherapy.

Introduction: Telogen effluvium is a non-scarring hair loss that can occur after COVID-19 infection. It usually occurs after about 3 months, causes diffused hair loss and lasts up to 6 months. The purpose of this narrative review is to collect and summarize the effects of potential methods to promote hair regrowth in patients after COVID-19 infection. Material and method: The article reviews available in PubMed and ResearchGate databases, studies on telogen effluvium and SARS-CoV-2. Due to the limited literature, articles on telogenetic hair loss progressing independently of COVID-19 were also included in the review. Results:  Hair loss after COVID-19 infection occurs in almost 30% of patients. This is likely related to pro-inflammatory cytokines released during infection and the pro-thrombotic effect of the virus. Telogen effluvium is the most common type of alopecia occurring after COIVD-19 infection - about 86% of all cases. It affects women more often than men.  It seems that its severity may correlate with the severity of the infection. Other than female gender and a history of chronic disease, it is unlikely to find any other contributing factors. Effective treatments seem to include the use of oral supplements such as vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids and zinc. In addition, topical application of minoxidil and high-platelet plasma treatments have shown good outcomes. Conclusions:  Given the fairly common occurrence of hair loss after COVID-19 infection, it seems reasonable to seek the most effective strategies for its treatment. At present, it appears that the best results are obtained by combining different treatment approaches.

Introduction: In addition to the symptoms, the symptoms of catatonia have been classified as a subtype of schizophrenia (catatonic schizophrenia). Currently, however, catatonia is treated as a single psychopathological syndrome that can occur in the course of various disorders. Catatonia has been the subject of many disputes in the scientific community over the years, and many of its elements remain unexplored. Material and method: The aim of the study is to review current research on catatonia in the field of: main, leading to catatonia, neuroimaging, immunology, methods of treatment and psychoactive compounds, COVID-19, therapy of pediatric and geriatric patients. The article reviews research and scientific papers from 2014-2022 on catatonia, interest in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Results: Studies showing a prevalence of catatonia of approximately 10.6 cases per 100,000 tax recipients. The assessment of the prevalence of individual catatonias varies depending on the criteria. Deep vein embolism has been confirmed in approximately 25.3% of patients with cardiac catatonia. Conclusions: Catatonia is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome that significantly prolongs hospitalization time. Additional studies using the technique of functional neuroimaging of the brain are needed. Effects of treatment with the effect of: zolpidem, memantine, amantadine and augmentation with amisulpiride.