Uzbekistan inherited a hospital-based health system from the Soviet Union. We explore the health system-related challenges faced during the scale-up of ambulatory (outpatient) treatment for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants of the TB services, the ministries of health and finance, and their TB control partners. Structural challenges and resource needs were both discussed as obstacles to the expansion of ambulatory TB treatment. Respondents stated need for revising the financing mechanisms of the TB services to incentivize referral to ambulatory TB treatment. An increased workload and need for transportation in ambulatory TB care were also pointed out by respondents, given the quickly rising outpatient numbers but per capita financing of outpatient care. Policy makers showed strong interest in good practice examples for financing ambulatory-based management of TB in comparable contexts and in guidance for revising the financing of the TB services in a way that strengthens ambulatory TB treatment. To facilitate changing the model of care, TB control strategies emphasizing ambulatory care in hospital-oriented health systems should anticipate health system support and strengthening needs, and provide a plan of action to resolve both. Addressing both types of needs may require not only involving TB control and health financing actors, but also increasing knowledge about viable and tested financing mechanisms that incentivize the adoption of new models of care for TB.
Аннотация. Здравоохранение является одной из важнейших отраслей в социально-экономическом развитии государства. Российская система здравоохранения уже длительный период находится в состоянии трансформации. Доля расходов на здравоохранение в России относительно уровня ВВП значительно уступает показателям наиболее успешных по уровню социально-экономического развития стран, а заявленные задачи в указе Президента «О национальных целях и стратегических задачах развития Российской Федерации на период до 2024 года» требуют высоких финансовых затрат. В условиях кризиса и дефицита бюджета финансирование социальной сферы, к которой относится здравоохранение, наиболее уязвимо, но на пути к повышению качества медицинских услуг увеличение расходов на здравоохранение при существующей модели финансирования является необходимым условием. В ходе исследования было установлено, что в динамике, несмотря на кризис, расходы на здравоохранение в структуре Консолидированного бюджета Российской Федерации и бюджетов государственных внебюджетных фондов растут. Было выявлено, что в структуре расходов на здравоохранение значительно преобладают слабо детализируемые расходы, которые в разы превышают расходы на стационарную медицинскую помощь и на амбулаторную помощь. Также было установлено, что расходы на санаторно-оздоровительную помощь и на медицинскую науку в структуре расходов на здравоохранение имеют тенденцию к сокращению. Для повышения качества оказания медицинских услуг в России стоит не только наращивать объемы финансирования здравоохранения по отношению к ВВП, но и изменить непосредственно систему управления внутри отрасли и систему контроля за финансовыми потоками. Ключевые слова: здравоохранение, медицинские услуги, финансирование, модель, система управления.
Domestic health care, which is currently at the next stage of modernization, has a number of problems caused by insufficient financial support and inadequacy of the medical care provided to the criteria of quality and availability. The current situation, with the greatest degree of probability, is associated with the imperfection of the model of financial support for the industry and the transition to single-channel financing at the expense of extra-budgetary funds of the compulsory health insurance fund. As a result, there is no strict regulation of the amount of funds received and the minimum required to provide the health care industry, since the amount of contributions to be paid is in direct proportion to the size of the population's wages. The study analyzed the financing of territorial programs of state guarantees per one insured resident on average in Russia and in the context of federal districts, identifying trends and their causes. It was found that the current situation in the field of financial support for the territorial program of state guarantees in Russia is ambiguous: actual costs per one insured exceed the established standards, which indicates that the mechanisms of economic justification and planning do not correspond to current needs. In the context of the country's federal districts, there is a significant differentiation in the financial support of the territorial program of state guarantees, which has a direct relationship with the general level of economic development of the territory.
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