The economic importance of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and the problems associated with insecticides make necessary new management approaches, including deeper biological knowledge and its relationship with landscape structure. Landscape complexity reduces B. oleae abundance in late summer–autumn in areas of high dominance of olive groves, but the effect of landscape structure in spring and in areas less dominated by olive groves has not been studied. It is also unknown whether the insect disperses from olive groves, using other land uses as a refugee in summer. This work evaluates the effect of landscape structure on olive fruit fly abundance and movement in spring and autumn, and infestation in autumn, in central Spain, an area where the olive crop does not dominate the landscape. A cost–distance analysis is used to evaluate the movement of the fly, especially trying to know whether the insects move away from olive groves in summer. The results indicate that B. oleae abundance is consistently lower in complex landscapes with high scrubland area (CAS), patch richness (PR) and Simpson landscape diversity index (SIEI), and low olive grove area (CAO). The cost–distance analysis shows that the fly moves mainly in spring, and amongst olive groves, but there is no evidence that land uses other than olive groves serve as a summer refuge. Olive fly infestation decreased with decreasing CAO and increasing CAS and SIEI, accordingly with the effect of landscape on abundance. Thus, mixing olive groves with other land uses, which are not a source of flies, can help improve control of this important pest.

Guava's fruits are usually infested by fruit flies. There is little information regarding the native parasitoids associated with fruit flies, which may vary according to the local conditions. A study was made from September, 2013, to August, 2014, in a family orchard, in Barbalha. The fruit flies and their parasitoids were correlated to climatic variables besides their infestation, frequency, and parasitism rates. The fruits were collected weekly and taken to a laboratory, where they were counted, weighted, and stored on trays with vermiculite, and kept under non-controlled conditions, and covered with organza until pupation. The pupae were collected between seven to ten days later and kept until their emergence as adults. The variables fruit infestation, parasitism, and frequency rates were calculated, and in April, we registered the greatest values of fruit flies/parasitoids abundance and diversity. Anastrepha sororcula and Anastrepha zenildae were the most abundant and their occurrence and parasitism was greater during April due to favorable climatic conditions. The fruit fly infestation was more common during the rainy season, from January to June, and the parasitism occurred with more intensity in April, and the parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus was the most frequent.

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a key pest of olive groves. Because of its economic importance and problems associated with chemical control, new approaches to reduce the damage caused by this pest and a deeper knowledge of the biology of the insect and the relationship of landscape structure to different biological parameters are needed. B. oleae can fly long distances and its ability to move within the landscape can determine the damage caused to olive groves. This work evaluates the effect of landscape structure on olive fruit fly abundance, movements and damage at three times of year—spring, early autumn and late autumn—in central Spain. This area is less dominated by olive groves than southern Spain, where the relationship between olive grove area and B. oleae abundance is already known. A cost-distance analysis is used to evaluate the landscape effect on the movement of the fly along the crop cycle. The olive grove area is the landscape composition factor with the greatest effect on the parameters studied, with a decrease in B. oleae abundance in a more complex landscape during spring and early autumn. The cost-distance analysis shows that the olive fruit fly moves mainly in spring, and amongst olive groves. There is no evidence that land uses other than olive groves serve as a summer refuge for B.oleae in the studied landscape context. Olive grove area and land use diversity index had significant effects on olive damage in more than one year.