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This article is the first of a three-part series intended to enhance clinical pharmacists' understanding of methods frequently used in epidemiologic research and their applications. The basic tenets of epidemiology and uses for data derived from epidemiologic studies are given, along with a high-level overview of the differences between experimental and observational study designs. The defining characteristics of each of the observational study designs (case report or case series, ecologic, cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, nested case-control, and case-cohort) and the resultant strengths and limitations of the study designs are presented. Applications for observational studies in pharmacoepidemiology (including the case-crossover and case-time-control study designs) are discussed. Finally, points to consider when evaluating data from observational studies are addressed.

As medication therapy management (MTM) continues to grow in the profession of pharmacy, careful consideration as to areas for positive patient impact is warranted. Given the current gaps in preconception care in the United States, and the accessibility and expertise of the pharmacist, MTM interventions related to preconception care may be valuable. This paper describes potential for pharmacist intervention in several different areas of preconception care. Notably, targeted medication reviews may be appropriate for interventions such as folic acid recommendations, teratogenic/category X medication management, immunizations, and disease state management. Comprehensive medication reviews may be warranted for selected disease states due to complexity of interventions, such the management of diabetes. Comprehensive medication reviews may also be warranted if several targeted interventions are necessary, or if there are a several medications or disease states requiring intervention. Pharmacists also have important roles in screening, support, and referrals needed for preconception care in the context of MTM. Patients may benefit substantially from pharmacist-directed MTM services related to preconception care. In addition, depending on clinical pharmacy service contracts and billing opportunities, pharmacists may be reimbursed for providing these services, generating sustainable revenue while fulfilling an important public health need.   Type: Idea Paper

The majority of respondents indicated a desire to participate in a work site-based health and wellness clinic, regardless of baseline health status or medication use. These data provide insight into the needs and preferences of participants in work site wellness programs and shows the value of a needs assessment.

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