Background: As displacement and forced migration continue to exhibit global growth trends, new and surviving generations of children are being born and spending their formative years in host countries. Refugee children who have not been exposed to traumatic events may still be at risk for adverse developmental and mental health outcomes via intergenerational trauma transmission. Objective: To identify and synthesize potential mechanisms of intergenerational trauma transmission in forcibly displaced families where parents have experienced direct warrelated trauma exposure, but children have no history of direct trauma exposure. Methods: PRISMA systematic review guidelines were adhered to. Searches were conducted across seven major databases and included quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods literature from 1945 to 2019. The search resulted in 752 citations and 8 studies (n = 1,684) met review inclusion criteria. Results: Findings suggest that parental trauma exposure and trauma sequelae indirectly affect child well-being via potential mechanisms of insecure attachment; maladaptive parenting styles; diminished parental emotional availability; decreased family functioning; accumulation of family stressors; dysfunctional intra-family communication styles and severity of parental symptomology. Conclusion: Further research is needed to assess independent intergenerational effects and mechanisms of trauma transmission in this population. Cruzando fronteras: una revisión sistemática de los mecanismos de transmisión intergeneracional del trauma en familias solicitantes de asilo y refugio Antecedentes: A medida que el desplazamiento y la migración forzada exhiben de manera continua tendencias de crecimiento global, las nuevas y sobrevivientes generaciones de niños nacen y pasan sus años de formación en los países de acogida. Los niños refugiados que no han estado expuestos a eventos traumáticos aún pueden estar en riesgo de consecuencias adversas para el desarrollo y la salud mental a través de la transmisión intergeneracional del trauma. Objetivo: Identificar y sintetizar mecanismos potenciales de transmisión intergeneracional de traumas en familias desplazadas por la fuerza donde los padres han experimentado una exposición directa al trauma relacionada con la guerra, pero los niños no tienen antecedentes de exposición directa al trauma. Métodos: Se siguieron las pautas de revisión sistemática PRISMA. Las búsquedas se realizaron en siete bases de datos principales e incluyeron literatura sobre métodos cuantitativos, cualitativos y mixtos desde 1945 al 2019. La búsqueda resultó en 752 citas y 8 estudios (n = 1.684) cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión de la revisión. Resultados: Los resultados sugieren que la exposición al trauma parental y las secuelas del trauma afectan indirectamente el bienestar del niño a través de mecanismos de apego inseguro; estilos de parentalidad maladaptativos; disminución de la disponibilidad emocional parental; disminución del funcionamiento familiar; acumulación de estresores famil...

A series of 164 controlled driving tests were monitored in an attempt to identify changes in driving performance after low doses of alcohol. The performance of volunteer drivers under fairly realistic conditions was compared before and after alcohol intake. A significant deterioration was found at a time when a control group showed improvement. The authors feel that this study raises some further questions about the validity of the 80 mgms/100 ml legal limit for driving.

Background: Child-protection workers are at elevated risk for secondary traumatization. However, research in the area of secondary traumatization has been hampered by two major obstacles: the use of measures that have unclear or inadequate psychometric properties and equivocal findings on the degree of associated functional impairment. Objective: To assess the relationship between secondary traumatization and burnout using exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) and to assess the relationship between secondary traumatization and functional impairment. Methods: A survey of Danish child-protection workers was conducted through the Danish Children Centres (N = 667). Secondary traumatization was measured using the Professional Quality of Life-5 (ProQoL-5) and burnout using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Results: A three-factor ESEM model provided the best fit to the data, reflecting factors consistent with the structure of secondary traumatization and burnout. The factors were differentially related to trauma-related and organizational variables in ways consistent with existing evidence. All factors were significantly related to functional impairment. Conclusion: The findings supported the discriminant validity of secondary traumatization and burnout while highlighting methodological issues around the current use of sum-score approaches to investigating secondary traumatization. The current study supported the clinical relevance of secondary traumatization by linking it explicitly to social and cognitive functional impairment.