No abstract

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Two near-identical Mw 5.8 earthquakes in 2011 and 2016 ruptured the Mochiyama Fault in North Kanto, Japan. The unusually short repeat time between the Mochiyama earthquakes provides a rare opportunity estimate the evolution of stress on a fault through an earthquake cycle, as the stress drop in the first earthquake provides a reference from which we can infer variations through time in the stresses required to cause earthquake rupture. By combining observations of deformation from GPS, InSAR and seismology with numerical models of stress transfer due to coseismic deformation and postseismic relaxation, we demonstrate that the rupture area on the Mochiyama Fault could only have been re-loaded by 35--50\% of the 2011 earthquake stress drop over the period between the 2011 and 2016 earthquakes. We infer that the Mochiyama Fault became weaker in the intervening 6 years, with a 2--10 MPa drop in the shear stresses needed to break the fault in earthquakes. The mechanism(s) that led to this weakening are unclear, but were associated with extensive aftershock seismicity that released a cumulative moment similar to the 2011 mainshock. Temporal changes in fault strength may therefore play a role in modulating the timing of moderate-magnitude earthquakes.