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Social support is one of the most robust predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, little is known about factors that moderate the relationship between social support and PTSD symptom severity. This meta-analysis estimated the overall effect size of the relationship between self-reported social support and PTSD severity and tested meaningful demographic, social support, and trauma characteristics that may moderate this association using both crosssectional and longitudinal effect sizes. A comprehensive search identified 139 studies with 145 independent cross-sectional effect sizes representing 62,803 individuals and 37 studies with 38 independent longitudinal effect sizes representing 25,792 individuals. Study samples had to comprise trauma-exposed, nonclinical adult populations to be included in the analysis. Crosssectional and longitudinal analyses revealed a near medium overall effect size (rcross = -.27; 95% CI [-.30, -.24]; rlong = -.25; 95% CI [-28, -.21]) with a high degree of heterogeneity (crosssectional I 2 = 91.6, longitudinal I 2 = 86.5). Both cross-sectional and longitudinal moderator analyses revealed that study samples exposed to natural disasters had a weaker effect size than samples exposed to other trauma types (e.g., combat, interpersonal violence), studies measuring negative social reactions had a larger effect size than studies assessing other types of social support, and veteran samples revealed larger effect sizes than civilian samples. Several other methodological and substantive moderators emerged that revealed a complex relationship between social support and PTSD severity. These findings have important clinical implications for the types of social support interventions that could mitigate PTSD severity. Public Significance StatementThis meta-analysis indicates that social support buffers against posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among trauma-exposed individuals. The effect was weaker among individuals exposed to a natural disaster and stronger among veterans. The effect was also stronger when examining negative social reactions in response to trauma.Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that is associated with significant chronic impairment (

sleep, psychological well-being, depression, anxiety,

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Most Americans have occasional problems with insomnia. The relationship of insomnia to illness is well known. However, insomnia may also relate to lower levels of well-being. Although there are various definitions of well-being, one of the most clearly articulated and comprehensive models identifies 2 overarching constructs, psychological well-being and subjective well-being. The purpose in the present study was to assess the relationship between insomnia symptoms and the dimensions of psychological and subjective well-being, adjusting for the potential confound of comorbid physical and psychological illness. The data for the present study came from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, a survey of community-dwelling adults. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and a wide range of chronic mental and physical health conditions, insomnia symptoms were found to have a significant relationship with both psychological and subjective well-being but a stronger relationship to subjective well-being. These data suggest that insomnia symptoms have a stronger relationship to enjoying life than to the perception that one has a meaningful life.