on the formation of commitment and loyalty among the staff, and compare different styles of personnel management and determine the most effective. Methodology:The methodological basis of the study was formed by the following principles: the principle of internal and external determination unity, the principle of consciousness and activity unity, the principle of systemic nature, the principle of objectivity, the principle of qualitative and quantitative approach in the process of data analysis, the principle of validity. Statistical processing of data included analysis of the significance of differences using the analysis of variance, the determination of correlation relationships between certain indicators. The correlation was performed with Pearson and Spearman coefficients. Statistical processing was carried out with the software package of SPSS 16.0. Main Findings: The staff is a valuable resource for the organization. And for a long time already it is known, that effective work of employees raises competitiveness and profitableness of the organization. Therefore, the management of personnel, as well as the formation of commitment and loyalty is becoming a top priority. In the course of our study, we studied the factors that affect the formation of commitment and loyalty of employees. We determined that under the current conditions of doing business in Ukraine, the level of loyalty and corporate culture depends on the management style and other factors that affect their level: 1) If the manager is oriented toward production goals, without taking into account the "personal factor", the level of organizational loyalty of subordinate employees is reduced. The highest level of development of communications between workers in the company raises the level of their loyalty. 2) Democratic leadership style increases the level of loyalty, corporate culture, and job satisfaction, and the authoritarian style of leadership leads to their reduction. 3) The presence of diverse tasks that meet the characteristics of workers and positive relationships with colleagues increase the level of loyalty and employee satisfaction. 4) The severity of such tendencies as "trustfulness- tameness -dependence" and "responsiveness-unselfishness-sacrifice" in the manager increases the level of loyalty of subordinates. Taking into account such factors by management as a mode of work, the diversity of work, independence in work, the correspondence of work to abilities, the possibility of advancement, the level of work organization, relations with colleagues, technical equipment, employee satisfaction with his labor can increase the level of corporate culture and its components. Applications of this study: The study could be useful for HR-specialists, managers, psychologists, and employees in different spheres. Novelty/Originality of this study: Undoubtedly, loyalty plays an important role in the success of the organization. The level of employees’ loyalty, as well as their attitudes and labor values, largely determine the degree of staff's susceptibility to both external (salary, benefits, working conditions, etc.) and internal (the content of the work performed, the opportunities for professional growth, recognition, and evaluation of achievements) incentives.
The article highlights the problem of finding the causes of disharmonies in marital relations and the criteria for the normal functioning of a family system. Dysfunction or disturbances of family functioning are such features of family life that complicate or hinder execution of family functions. A dysfunctional family in a broad sense means a system determining distortions of personal development and, therefore, maladaptive, deviant behaviour or neurotic disorders at one or more of the family members. The aim of the study is to identify the causes of disharmony in marital relations and the criteria for normal functioning of a family as a system. The empirical part of this study was devoted to determining the causes of such disharmonies in marital relationships that subsequently led to divorce. The study was conducted during the family counselling of married men, women and married couples who were in the process of divorce. The next criteria for normal family functioning have been determined: respect for differences; sincerity in expressing thoughts and feelings; dynamic relationships; role sharing; observance of personal boundaries; family openness; emotional and spiritual intimacy.
Розглянуто процес виникнення викривлень в особистісному розвиткудітей, що відбувається внаслідок психотравматичної ситуації, зокрема стійкоїнегативної оцінки з боку значущих дорослих. Зазвичай негативна оцінка дорос-лих викликає в дитини негативні емоційні переживання, що спонукає її докоригування вчинків у напрямі, заданому вимогами вихователів. Однак такийпроцес засвоєння соціальних норм є лише приблизною схемою, що не враховуєні індивідуальних особливостей дитини, ні соціальної ситуації розвитку особис-тості конкретної дитини в цілому. Більше того, негативна оцінка батьками вчин-ків дитини нерідко поширюється на її особистість у цілому, зумовлюючи такимчином фрустрацію одразу двох життєво важливих соціальних потреб: потребив позитивній оцінці батьків і потреби в самоповазі, позитивній самооцінці. Урезультаті дослідження з’ясовано, як впливає психологічний захист на виник-нення у дитини деформацій особистісного розвитку. Доведено, що стійка нега-тивна оцінка поведінки дитини (а тим більше її особистості в цілому) є для неїтяжкою психотравматичною ситуацією. На тлі негативних емоційних пережи-вань, що виникають унаслідок невдалих спроб оволодіти соціальними нормами,дитина починає розглядати цю ситуацію утруднення як ситуацію неможливості.У цей момент відбувається переоцінка не тільки ситуації, а й цінностей. Уна-слідок дії механізмів психологічного захисту дитина знецінює для себе необхід-ність оволодіння соціальними нормами. Дослідження проводилось протягом2008–2017 років; вибірку досліджуваних було сформовано на основі досвідуконсультування підлітків з девіантною поведінкою та їхніх батьків. Були за-стосовані такі методи: експериментальна бесіда, тест фрустрації Розенцвейга,метод вибору завдань різного ступеня складності. Вибірку досліджуванихсклали 176 підлітків та 204 дорослих (їхні батьки). Результати показали, щопсихологічний захист може спричинювати негативний ефект, що призводитьдо формування негативних особистісних новоутворень.
Multidimensional manifestations of addictive behaviour complicate the possibility of its prevention. The purpose of our research is to determine the parameters diagnosing a person's predisposition to psychotropic substance use. We take as a point of departure the assumption that there are psychological peculiarities that are a kind of "weak link". Namely, these peculiarities determine the desire to change a person’s emotional state artificially. The experimental study of the parameters diagnosing predisposition to addictive behaviour has been performed by us for 15 years. Three groups with 90–100 adolescents in each were studied: well socially adapted adolescents – a "normative" group; socially maladapted adolescents who, however, did not use psychotropic substances; adolescents using psychotropic substances episodically. The study results show that the desire to use psychotropic substances is a symptom of a more general personal ill-being. Neutralization of negative personal formations prevents appearance of psychological readiness for psychotropic substance use.
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