The transfer of lead, cadmium, zinc, mercury, copper and molybdenum from soil to the tissues of small mammals inhabiting differently polluted areas in Slovenia was investigated. Metals were determined in soil samples and in the livers of 139 individuals of five small mammal species, collected in 2012 in the vicinity of a former lead smelter, the largest Slovenian thermal power plant, along a main road and in a control area. The area in the vicinity of former lead smelter differs considerably from other study areas. The soil from that area is heavily polluted with Pb and Cd. The mean metal concentrations in the liver, irrespective of species, varied in the following ranges-Pb: 0.40-7.40 mg/kg fw and Cd: 0.27-135 mg/kg fw and reached effect concentrations at which toxic effects can be expected in a significant proportion of the livers of the small mammal specimens (Pb 40 %, Cd 67 %). These findings indicate that the majority of small mammals trapped in the area of the former lead smelter are at risk of toxic effects due to the very high bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd in the organism. On the contrary, Pd and Cd concentrations in the livers of small mammals sampled in the vicinity of the thermal power plant and along the main road were comparable with reference values and considerably lower than effect concentrations. Additionally, the study suggests that Apodemus flavicollis and Myodes glareolus are very suitable biomonitors of metal pollution.
(1) ERICo Velenje, Inštitut za ekološke raziskave d.o.o., Koroška cesta 58, 3320 Velenje, samar.petkovsek@erico.si (2) ERICo Velenje, Inštitut za ekološke raziskave d.o.o., Koroška cesta 58, 3320 Velenje, natasa.kopusar@erico.si IZVLEČEK Na raziskovalnih območjih v neposredni bližini nekdanje topilnice svinca (Zgornja Mežiška dolina, Žerjav), največjega termoenergetskega objekta v Sloveniji (Šaleška dolina, Veliki Vrh), ob regijski cesti Velenje -Celje (Črnova) in na referenčni lokaciji (Logarska dolina, Polanc) smo v talnih vzorcih in v deževnikih določali vsebnosti kovin z namenom raziskati prehod kovin iz tal v deževnike in oceniti njihov bioindikacijski potencial. Na podlagi predstavljenih rezultatov je razvidno, da: (i) so bile največje vsebnosti kovin v deževnikih iz najbolj onesnaženega območja (Žerjav), najmanjše pa praviloma v deževnikih z referenčne lokacije (Logarska dolina); (ii) so se v deževnikih, vzorčenih na vseh lokacijah, kopičili Cd, Hg in Zn, katerih BCF-faktorji so nihali med 1,18 -29,2 (Cd), 1,68 -21,0 (Hg) in med 1,10 -5,57 (Zn); (iii) so deževniki dobri kazalniki onesnaženosti tal s Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg in Mo, saj smo dokazali, da obstaja statistično značilna soodvisnost med vsebnostjo navedenih kovin v tleh in v deževnikih.Ključne besede: deževniki, kovine, onesnaženost tal, BCF (biokoncentracijski faktor), bioindikatorji, Slovenija ABSTRACTThe metal levels were determined in soil samples in earthworms collected in the vicinity of the abandoned lead smelter (the Upper Meža Valley, Žerjav) and the largest thermal power plant in Slovenia (the Šalek Valley, Veliki Vrh), near Velenje -Celje road (Črnova) and at the reference area (the Logar Valley, Polanc) with the aim to investigate the transfer of metals from soil to earthworms and to assess the bioindicative potential of earthworms. Our study revealed the following: (i) the highest levels of metals were determined in earthworms from the most polluted area (Žerjav) and the lowest in earthworms from the reference location (the Logar Valley); (ii) earthworms bioaccumulated Cd, Hg and Zn at all locations, bioaccumulative factors (BCF) of these three metals ranged between 1.18 -29.2 (Cd), 1.68 -21.0 (Hg) and 1.10 -5.57 (Zn), respectively; (iii) earthworms are good bioindicator of polluted soil, since the correlations between Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg and Mo in soil and in earthworms were established.Key words: earthworms, metals, polluted soil, BCF (bioconcentration factor), bioindicator organisms, Slovenia UVOD INTRODUCTIONDeževniki (Lumbricidae) so pomemben del talnih ekosistemov, saj pozitivno vplivajo na strukturo in funkcijo tal. So sekundarni razgrajevalci, ki se hranijo z razgrajenimi organskimi snovmi, hkrati mešajo talne horizonte in premeščajo organske ter mineralne snovi vzdolž celotnega talnega profila (Mršič, 1997). Ob hranjenju, respiraciji in prebavljanju povečujejo mineralizacijo in humifikacijo organske snovi. Ustvarjanje rovov in prehranjevanje s prstjo pomembno vpliva na vnos vode, prezračevanje tal in stabilizacijo talnih agregatov...
V raziskavi smo analizirali prenos kovin iz gozdnih in travniških tal v male sesalce (rumenogrla miš, gozdna in poljska voluharica), veliko sinico in lisico, ki živijo na območju Velikega Vrha. Hkrati smo ocenili tveganje za te organizme na podlagi primerjave določenih vsebnosti v rastlinskih in živalskih tkivih s kritičnimi ter dopustnimi vsebnostmi in izračunom kvocienta tveganja (HQ) na podlagi vnosa kovin s prehrano. Izjema je bila velika sinica, ki smo jo pri izračunu HQ nadomestili s kosom, ki se pogosto prehranjuje z deževniki. Ugotovili smo, da so gozdni in travniški ekosistemi na območju Velikega Vrha, ki je bil zlasti v preteklosti izpostavljen velikim izpustom iz Termoelektrarne Šoštanj, zmerno obremenjeni s Pb (gozdna tla, živalska tkiva), Hg (gozdna tla, živalska tkiva) in Cd (travniška tla, korenine trav, detelj in zeli). Vendar tveganja za prostoživeče živali (navadna lisica, rumenogrla miš, poljska in gozdna voluharica) in deževnike nismo ugotovili, saj so bile določene vsebnosti Hg, Pb in Cd nižje od kritičnih (mali sesalci, lisica) oziroma letalnih (smrtnih) vsebnosti (deževniki). Obstaja pa verjetnost za tveganje zaradi vnosa Hg v lisico prek gozdne voluharice in zaradi vnosa Pb v kosa prek deževnikov, vendar samo v primeru, če bi ta prehranska vira sestavljala vsaj polovico diete omenjenih organizmov.
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