A number of services within society are designed to improve the wellbeing of its members and transform lives. Some services focus on protection and support of vulnerable members of society, for example, those suffering the effects of drug use, mental health conditions, violence, or poverty. Clients of such social services may also come from minority or marginalised cultural backgrounds. Typically, social services aim to reduce disparities and enhance individual and population wellbeing. A major challenge for social policy makers and social service providers is to establish and maintain constructive engagement between the social services and those they are intended to serve. Some of these vulnerable clients are deemed 'hard-to-reach' (HTR) by policy makers and service providers. Yet, the transformation of lives requires the involvement of the focal actor (client) and their service or activity system, as well as the engagement of other actors, such as the social worker embedded in their service or activity system. This paper aims to further unpack a novel approach, called integrative transformative service framework. It extends its conceptualisation which fuses mainly three different approaches, namely Transformative Service Research (TSR), (Cultural-Historical) Activity Theory (CHAT) as well as (Regulatory) Engagement Theory (RET). By focusing on TSR, the paper identifies theoretical gaps in the framework and highlights the requirements of HTR which necessitate the inclusion of the two other concepts. Hence, the present paper continues 3 theory development. It parallels in more detail the three concepts to highlight their emergent links. This is to further establish the foundations for this novel approach and to amend its conceptual shortcomings. This leads to an extension of the framework to assist scholars and practitioners concerned with the transformation of actors' lives who face social issues.

Accommodation and lodging are an integral component of the tourism and hospitality industry. Given the sectors' growing contribution to resource consumption and waste, there is a growing body of literature on the attitudes, behaviours and practices of consumers, managers, staff and owners of lodging with respect to sustainability. This paper presents the results of a systematic analysis of articles on attitudes, behaviours and practices of consumers and the provision of accommodation with respect to sustainability. The results indicate that there is a dearth of longitudinal studies on the sustainability of practices and behaviours. There are limitations in geographical coverage as well as methods, with research dominated by convenience sampling approaches. It is concluded that while there appear to be improvements in the potential sustainability of lodging with respect to technological approaches, the lack of systematic long-term studies on behavioural interventions represents a significant challenge to reducing the absolute emissions of the sector as well as reductions in energy and water use and waste production. Given the lack of longitudinal studies, it is not known whether observed behavioural changes are sustained over time.

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