The direct analysis of wood for the diagnostic chromones using DART-TOFMS followed by discriminant analysis is sufficiently robust to differentiate wild from cultivated agarwood and provides strong inference for the origin of the agarwood.

Lake sturgeon are arguably the largest and most unique freshwater fish in North America. Unfortunately their uniqueness includes many characteristics that make them especially vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts including overfishing, habitat fragmentation, and degradation. For approximately 100 years lake sturgeon populations across North America have either been in decline and (or) have experienced a sluggish recovery. While this is partly due to lake sturgeon life history, most researchers agree that habitat fragmentation and degradation are currently the highest risk to the species. Though most lake sturgeon populations are depressed, there are a few exceptions that offer a glimpse into what a stable population or recovery may look like. The following review highlights such instances as well as what is known and more importantly what is not known about this unique species. Specifically, we highlight the need for improved and organized sharing of raw data given the fact that many researchers do not have access to the plethora of information available to others (e.g., otoliths for aging). We examine the varying life history and diet choices of this plastic species offering hypotheses for differences in migration routes and distances as well the differing recovery rates found across their range. We highlight myths about the species providing evidence that they may not be as long lived and fecund as previously thought. We examine the lake sturgeon's current legal status across North America including the efforts of nonprofit groups that have had success in increasing population numbers. Most importantly, we highlight logistical problems faced by researchers and data gaps in the literature that must be filled to increase the odds of a successful recovery. Alongside the data gaps, the recovery of this species is fraught with political and industrial road blocks that are as varied as its current recovery. Subsequently, as is the case with many species, its survival will come down to solid scientific knowledge and the value placed on it by society.Résumé : L'esturgeon de lac constitue sans aucun doute l'unique et plus gros poisson d'eau douce en Amérique du Nord. Malheureusement, son unicité inclut plusieurs caractéristiques le rendant vulnérable aux impacts anthropogènes, incluant la surpêche ainsi que la fragmentation de l'habitat et sa dégradation. Pendant environ 100 ans, les populations d'esturgeon de lac sur l'ensemble de l'Amérique du Nord ont connu un déclin et/ou une lente récupération. Alors que ceci est dû en partie au cycle vital de l'esturgeon, la plupart des recherches s'accordent pour dire que la fragmentation de l'habitat et sa dégradation constituent présentement le plus fort risque pour cette espèce. Bien que la plupart des populations d'esturgeon de lac soient déprimées, il existe quelques exceptions offrant une idée de ce que représente une population stable ou en récupération. Cette revue souligne de tels cas ainsi que ce que l'on connaît au sujet de cette espèce unique. Spécifiquement, les auteu...

10The ability to rapidly detect illicit drugs, such as marijuana, is critical to policing legislation 11 across the country. However, it is often difficult to distinguish or identify small quantities of 12 drugs in large spaces without the aid of trained canines. A new device, the capillary 13 microextractor of volatiles (CMV), has the potential to provide rapid detection due to its ability 14 to collect and preconcentrate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) directly from air within 15 minutes. Analysis of the captured compounds can then be performed using a gas 16 chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). This study focuses on the detection of marijuana 17 volatiles using the CMV as a sampling and preconcentration device given the hypothesis that 18 marijuana will have a distinct chemical profile, or collection of VOCs, that distinguishes it from 19 related plants and other products that could emit similar compounds. Volatile compounds from 20 the headspace of marijuana, related plants, and hemp products were extracted using the CMV 21 and analyzed with GC-MS. The compounds identified and the chemical profiles of each sample 22 were then compared to the volatiles found in the headspace of authentic marijuana samples. The 23 findings presented here suggest that marijuana plants emit volatiles that are readily distinguished 24 from the other samples tested in this study. The distinguishing compounds included α-santalene, 25 valencene, and β-bisabolene. In some cases, THC and cannabinol were also present in the 26 headspace of marijuana. Although these findings support the hypothesis that marijuana has a 27 distinct chemical VOC signature, further work to create a larger database of potential plants and 28 materials is recommended prior to routine use of the CMV coupled to a GC-MS in forensic 29 casework. 30 31 KEYWORDS capillary microextraction of volatiles, marijuana detection, gas chromatography 32 mass spectrometry, volatile organic compounds, headspace extraction 33 34

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Naturally occurring deuterium ((2)H) in biota can be used to trace movement, migration and geographic origin of a range of organisms. However, to evaluate movements of animals using δ(2)H measurements of tissues, it is necessary to establish the turnover time of (2)H in the tissues and the extent of isotopic discrimination from different environmental (2)H sources to those tissues. We investigated the turnover of (2)H in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) blood by manipulating both environmental water δ(2)H and diet δ(2)H over a four-month period. The half-life of deuterium in lake sturgeon blood was 37.9 days after an increase in the environmental water δ(2)H of +714 ‰. However, no clear turnover in blood (2)H occurred over the same period in a separate trial following a change of -63.8 ‰ or +94.2 ‰ in diet. These findings suggest that environmental water (2)H exchanges much faster with blood than diets and that blood δ(2)H values can be used to trace movements of sturgeon and other fish moving among isotopically distinct waters.