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The in vitro tissue culture of medicinal plants is considered as a potential source for plant-derived bioactive secondary metabolites. The in vitro tissue culture of American ginseng has wide commercial applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food, and cosmetic fields with regard to the production of bioactive compounds such as ginsenosides and polysaccharides. This review highlights the recent progress made on different types of tissue culture practices with American ginseng, including callus culture, somatic embryo culture, cell suspension culture, hairy root culture, and adventitious root culture. The tissue culture conditions for inducing ginseng callus, somatic embryos, cell suspension, hairy roots, and adventitious roots were analyzed. In addition, the optimized conditions for increasing the production of ginsenosides and polysaccharides were discussed. This review provides references for the use of modern biotechnology to improve the production of bioactive compounds from American ginseng, as well as references for the development and sustainable utilization of American ginseng resources.

Fig. 1. Participants performed a text searching task, in an experiment that switched contexts between the real world and augmented reality (AR), at either matched or mismatched focal distances. (a) A participant observing the left text on a monitor at 4 meters distance, and the right text in AR at one of three focal distances: 4, 2, or .67 meters. (b) View of the right text through the custom-built AR Haploscope. (c) The participant observing both the left text and the right text on a monitor at 2 meters distance.

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