Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies found in males. The development of PCa involves several mutations in prostate epithelial cells, usually linked to developmental changes, such as enhanced resistance to apoptotic death, constitutive proliferation, and, in some cases, to differentiation into an androgen deprivation-resistant phenotype, leading to the appearance of castration-resistant PCa (CRPCa), which leads to a poor prognosis in patients. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the main deregulations into signaling pathways that will lead to the development of PCa and/or CRPCa. Key mutations in some pathway molecules are often linked to a higher prevalence of PCa, by directly affecting the respective cascade and, in some cases, by deregulating a cross-talk node or junction along the pathways. We also discuss the possible environmental and nonenvironmental inducers for these mutations, as well as the potential therapeutic strategies targeting these signaling pathways. A better understanding of how some risk factors induce deregulation of these signaling pathways, as well as how these deregulated pathways affect the development of PCa and CRPCa, will further help in the development of new treatments and prevention strategies for this disease.
Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline, both alone and in combination, attenuated oxidative stress and the activation of NF-κB, leading to a decrease in the inflammatory response.
Em primeiro lugar, gostaria de agradecer meus pais, Salvador e Rosana, pelo apoio, compreensão e por sempre me apoiarem nas minhas decisões. Agradeço também aos meus irmãos Gabrielle, Marcelo e Eduardo que sempre estiveram presentes nessa minha caminhada. Não poderia esquecer minhas tias, tios, primos e a Sandra, que mesmo sem saber direito o que eu estava fazendo me deram total apoio. Uma pessoa muito especial e que sem dúvida é o alicerce de nossa família e merece todos os agradecimentos é a minha avó Carmen, que é um exemplo de pessoa e me ensinou todos os valores que devemos ter, muito obrigado vó por tudo.Agradeço ao meu amor Cristiano que conheci durante o mestrado, que de uma amizade se tornou carinho, paixão e amor. Obrigada meu amor por sempre estar ao meu lado, por me acalmar quando eu necessitava, por me estimular quando eu queria desistir, por ser meu guia, meu amigo, meu companheiro.Agradeço a minha orientadora Jackie pela confiança, amizade, carinho, por me orientar durante esse trajeto de minha vida e nos próximos que virão. A Carol e Paola pelas risadas e conversas que proporcionaram momentos de descontração.Agradeço ao Professor Dr. Gustavo Amarante Mendes por me deixar usufruir das instalações do laboratório onde realizei todos os experimentos, pela contribuição intelectual durante as reuniões de laboratório onde aprendi bastante.Agradeço também ao Profº. Drº Samir Rasslan e Profa. Dra. Edna aos funcionários do laboratório de Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica, LIM 62 -FMUSP ao qual faço parte como aluna. Agradeço a todos meus amigos do laboratório que sempre estiveram presentes nas discussões, dúvidas e realizações. Agradeço ao Narcis que me aturou no momento de entrada quando a gente estudava e eu "surtava", a Lú por toda a ajuda nas discussões de resultados e principalmente na finalização da dissertação, a Cris pelas conversas e os muitos cremes de queijo que fizemos a Flávia, Jú pelos almoços divertidos na copa, Emília pelas dicas no decorrer do mestrado, ao Tiago pelas risadas, Sandy apesar de pouco tempo de convivência, ao Daniel pelas atividades realizadas no laboratório que facilitaram o trabalho e aos amigos Inaê, Rodolfo, Bárbara que fizeram parte do grupo e que agora estão em uma nova fase em suas vidas.
Melanoma is a serious public health problem that affects the population of Latin America and is increasing rapidly compared to other types of tumors. The growth or change in this type of tumor is progressive and is in the horizontal and/or vertical direction. Breslow thickness (vertical staging) is the tumor thickness in the dermis where patients with lesion thickness less than 0.75 mm have good prognosis, unlike lesion thickness larger than 3 mm. This stage is classified into T (primary tumor): T0 (with no evidence of primary tumor); Tis (in situ melanoma); T1 (1 mm); T2 (1.01 to 2 mm); T3 (2.01 to 4 mm); and T4 (above 4 mm). Knowing some molecular markers of melanoma is essential for the identification of genetically predisposed individuals, as well as early detection of the disease. Recent works has demonstrated that microRNAs may be involved in modulation of melanoma. Dicer is an essential member of the RNase III family which controls maturation of miRNAs in the cytoplasm from microRNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). The upregulation of Dicer is associated with aggressive features and proliferation of melanoma and no other skin tumors such as carcinomas and sarcoma. In our present study, we found that the knockdown expression of Dicer using the CRISPR/CAS9 in melanoma cell line induced more chemosensitivity to cisplatin and these changes correlated with the downregulation of Dicer. We examined the consequence of Dicer knockdown on melanoma cell proliferation, clonogenic assays, and overall survival. We also compared Dicer in tissue from patients diagnosed with melanoma in different stages with the prognosis of these patients, suggesting that the reduction in Dicer expression is associated with melanoma progression. Considering the fundamental and multiple biologic roles of Dicer in various cellular processes, our results suggest that modulation of Dicer in melanoma should become a promising therapeutic candidate for further clinical application. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Nathalia Cruz de Victo, Sandy Adjemian, Romulo dos Santos Sobreira Nunes, Rildo Aparecido Volpini, Mara Huffenbaecher Giavina-Bianchi, Cyro Festa Neto, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara, Gustavo Pessini Amarante-Mendes, Jacqueline de Fátima Jacysyn. Role of Dicer on human melanoma progression and resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference held in cooperation with the Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG) on Translational Cancer Medicine; May 4-6, 2017; São Paulo, Brazil. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(1_Suppl):Abstract nr B59.
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