Sb2Se3 is a promising photovoltaic material due to its suitable bandgap, strong light absorption, simple phase, nontoxicity, and earth‐abundant constituents. Currently, most Sb2Se3 thin‐film solar cells are based on toxic CdS as the buffer layer. Here, for the first time, non‐toxic, wide‐bandgap, and chemically stable SnO2 is introduced as the buffer layer instead of CdS to build superstrate SnO2/Sb2Se3 thin‐film solar cells. The phase of sprayed SnO2 films and device band alignment are investigated in detail. SnO2 buffer layer annealed at 480 °C exhibits the lowest interfacial defect density and best device performance. Finally, 3.05% efficiency is achieved and the devices show excellent storage and light‐soaking stability. This preliminary experimental study implies that SnO2 has potential for developing high‐efficiency, stable, and environmentally friendly Sb2Se3‐based solar cells.
Theoretical predictors of delinquency among a sample of rural and small town youths are examined by testing the impact of numerous theoretical indices both within in-school and out-of-school settings, while also examining gender, through the use of structural equation models. Our findings suggest the impact of theoretical predictors on delinquency varies not only by gender, but by social context as well. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
The supervision of driving while intoxicated/impaired (DWI) offenders composes a large share of probation officer's caseloads. Crime and justice researchers have made tremendous advances in the ability to classify offenders according to general recidivism, with the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) being one of the most tested instruments used by community corrections officers. There has yet to emerge a risk assessment tool designed to classify DWI offenders according to their likelihood to be arrested for multiple DWIs. This article estimates a series of multinomial logistic regression models to identify differences between one-time DWI offenders and chronic DWI offenders. The central independent variables are the items on the LSI-R and a popular alcohol and substance abuse screener (Adult Substance Use Survey [ASUS]), while controlling for age, race, gender, and marital status. These instruments are important tools to classify DWI offenders, and the results suggest that the community corrections field (including the offenders supervised) would benefit from a risk assessment tool to classify DWI offenders.
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