Electrochemical CO2 electrolysis to produce hydrocarbon fuels or material feedstocks offers a renewable alternative to fossilized carbon sources. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs), composed of solid electrocatalysts on porous supports positioned near the interface of a conducting electrolyte and CO 2 gas, have been able to demonstrate the substantial current densities needed for future commercialization. These higher reaction rates have often been ascribed to the presence of a three-phase interface, where solid, liquid, and gas provide electrons, water, and CO2, respectively. Conversely, mechanistic work on electrochemical reactions implicates a fully two-phase reaction interface, where gas molecules reach the electrocatalyst's surface by dissolution and diffusion through the electrolyte. Because the discrepancy between an atomistic three-phase vs. two-phase reaction has substantial implications for the design of catalysts, gasdiffusion layers and cell architectures, the nuances of nomenclatures and governing phenomena surrounding the three-phase-region require clarification. Here, we outline the macro, micro and atomistic phenomena occurring within a gas-diffusion electrode to provide a focused discussion on the architecture of the often-discussed three-phase region for CO2 electrolysis. From this information, we comment on the outlook for the broader CO2 electro-reduction GDE cell architecture.
Mycobacterium abscessus has emerged as an important pathogen in people with chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, and recent reports suggest that it may be transmissible by fomites. M. abscessus exhibits two major colony morphology variants: a smooth morphotype (MaSm) and a rough morphotype (MaRg). Biofilm formation, prolonged intracellular survival, and colony variant diversity can each contribute to the persistence of M. abscessus and other bacterial pathogens in chronic pulmonary diseases. A prevailing paradigm of chronic M. abscessus infection is that MaSm is a noninvasive, biofilm-forming, persistent phenotype and MaRg an invasive phenotype that is unable to form biofilms. We show that MaRg is hyperaggregative and forms biofilm-like aggregates, which, like MaSm biofilm aggregates, are significantly more tolerant than planktonic variants to acidic pHs, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and treatment with amikacin or azithromycin. We further show that both variants are recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment inside human macrophage-like cells and that MaRg is more refractory than MaSm to azithromycin. Our results indicate that biofilm-like aggregation and protracted intracellular survival may each contribute to the persistence of this problematic pathogen in the face of antimicrobial agents regardless of morphotype. Biofilms of each M. abscessus variant are rapidly killed, however, by acetic acid, which may help to prevent local fomite transmission.
A bipolar membrane (BPM), consisting of a cation and anion exchange layer (CEL and AEL), can be used in an electrochemical cell in two orientations: reverse bias and forward bias....
Present on-chip optical communication technology uses near-infrared light, but visible wavelengths would allow system miniaturization and higher energy confinement. Towards this end, we report a nanoscale wireless communication system that operates at visible wavelengths via in-plane information transmission. Here, plasmonic antenna radiation mediates a three-step conversion process (surface plasmon → photon → surface plasmon) with in-plane efficiency (plasmon → plasmon) of 38% for antenna separation 4λ0 (with λ0 the free-space excitation wavelength). Information transmission is demonstrated at bandwidths in the Hz and MHz ranges. This work opens the possibility of optical conveyance of information using plasmonic antennas for on-chip communication technology.
Electrochemical CO 2 reduction can convert CO 2 into fuels and valuable chemicals using renewable electricity, which provides a prospective path toward large-scale energy storage. Au nanostructured electrodes have demonstrated the best catalytic performance for CO 2 conversion: high catalytic selectivity for CO formation at low overpotentials, high current density, and long-term durability. Here, we report selective electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction to CO on nanostructured Au with various morphologies, prepared via electrocrystallization with a megahertz potential oscillation. X-ray diffraction showed that the proportion of {100} and {110} to {111} surfaces increased at more negative deposition potentials. Cyclic voltammetry showed the potential of zero charge on an Au film was approximately 0.35 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and that the surface energy decreased by ∼1 eV/nm 2 at −0.5 V vs SHE, tending to 0 within several volts in either direction. Scanning electron micrograms showed that the Au crystals grow primarily in the ⟨110⟩ directions. From these data, a model for crystallization from melts was adapted to calculate the roughening temperature of the {111}, {100}, and {110} Miller indices as 7000, 4000, and 1000 K, decreasing for more negative deposition potentials. This offers a framework for exposed facet control in electrocrystallization. In CO 2 electrocatalysis, −0.35 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode was observed to be a turn-on potential for improved CO 2 reduction activity; dendrites showed 50% Faradaic efficiency for CO production at more cathodic potentials. The Tafel slope was measured to be 40 mV/decade for {100} and {110}-rich Au dendrites and 110 mV/decade for {111}-dominated Au plates, suggesting the higher surface energy crystal facets may stabilize all of the CO 2 reduction reaction intermediates.
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