Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a severe yet neglected threat to maternal and child health, due to its association with multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level is one of the most promising predictor of GDM in early pregnancy based on several cohort studies done recently. Purpose of study: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the potency of HbA1c level in first trimester as a novel predictor of GDM. Methods: This review selects cohort studies found by database searching systematically using previously determined inclusion, such as pregnant woman as the subject, assess Hb1Ac level in the first trimester, and assess odds ratio towards (GDM), and exclusion criteria such as assess outcome at postpartum, not assess GDM outcomes, and studies written in languages other than English or Bahasa Indonesia. This review was arranged based on PRISMA guideline. Results and Discussion: This review included seven cohort studies with the pooled OR of 4.36 [95%CI: 3.66-5.20]. Quantitative analysis shows that HbA1c level in the first trimester is a significant risk factor of GDM development (p<0.00001). However, heterogeneity analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity are detected in the pooled studies. Therefore, to understand the significance of HbA1c level and the development of GDM, further studies are needed. Conclusion: This study has proven the potency of first trimester HbA1c level as a novel predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus. Thus, it is necessary to integrate the use of HbA1c level screening as part of antenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Pendahuluan: Helicobacter pylori menginfeksi lebih dari 50% populasi manusia di dunia. Hingga saat ini, tatalaksana farmakologis untuk infeksi Helicobacter pylori masih memiliki banyak tantangan, terutama resistensi antibiotik dan efek samping penggunaan PPI. Berbagai studi terbaru mengungkap bahwa nanopartikel fullerenol yang dimodifikasi dan dikombinasikan dengan inhibitor urease memiliki kemampuan untuk mengeradikasi Helicobacter pylori. Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada tiga database, yaitu PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar, secara independen dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Hasil pencarian dengan metode tersebut didapatkan 5 studi yang terpilih yang digunakan dalam kajian literatur ini. Pembahasan: Nanopartikel fullerenol dapat mengalami proses pinacol rearrangement dan memiliki gugus fungsional karboksil atau karbonil yang dapat berperan menyerupai aktivitas enzim peroksidase untuk menghancurkan polisakarida pada dinding sel Helicobacter pylori. Biotoksisitas dari nanopartikel fullerenol termodifikasi pada uji toksisitas dengan Drosophila melanogaster menunjukkan tidak adanya efek samping yang berarti. Inhibitor urease, seperti katekol dan p-benzonequinol, dapat menurunkan sintesis ammonia sehingga menurunkan pH lumen lambung. Kondisi ini akan menghambat pertumbuhan Helicobacter pylori dan meningkatkan kerja nanopartikel fullerenol termodifikasi. Biotoksisitas dari inhibitor urease juga sangat rendah dibuktikan dengan terjadinya perubahan morfologis sel glioblastoma (GL-15) manusia secara in vitro konsentrasi di atas 200 μM. Simpulan: Nanopartikel fullerenol memiliki sifat seperti enzim peroksidase yang dapat menghancurkan dinding sel Helicobacter pylori. Sedangkan inhibitor urease mampu menurunkan sintesis ammonia sehingga menurunkan pH dan mencegah infeksi. Kombinasi antara FNP dan inhibitor urease sangat potensial sebagai alternatif tatalaksana farmakologis infeksi Helicobacter pylori.
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