Calmodulin is a calcium binding protein with two lobes, N-lobe and C-lobe, which evolved from duplication and fusion of a single precursor lobe of a pair of EF-hand. These two lobes of calmodulin show subtle differences in calcium binding and target recognition; these are important for the functions of calmodulin. Since the structures, especially main chain conformations, of two EF-lobes in holo-form are quite similar; this is a good example to evaluate the effect of side chains for structural dynamics. We analyzed the structure of calmodulin using molecular dynamics and found differences in conformational ensembles between N- and C-lobes. We also showed the mutant structures created by homology modeling could reproduce the difference of dynamic motion between N- and C-lobes.

要旨 Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery PPHA double distal filter protection CAS 1 65 PPHA TEVAR CAS PPHA embolic protection 2 double distal filter protection PPHA CAS embolic protection TEVAR CAS

We describe an implantable patch sensor for monitoring L-glutamate in hippocampal slices in submerged and interface preparations. This patch sensor is prepared by excising the cell membrane in the CA3 region of a hippocampal slice in a submerged preparation, and then implanted in the target neuronal region (CA1) of mouse hippocampal slices. The lifetime of the sensor was 3 -8 min for the interface slice and 40 -50 min for the submerged slice. The calibration of an implanted sensor can be achieved by adding an L-glutamate solution to a bath (ACSF) solution. The monitoring of L-glutamate release in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices under chemical stimulation with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and potassium chloride (KCl) was demonstrated.

Although cervical screw fixation is often demonstrated as biomechanical outstanding instrumentation for the case of upper cervical instability, only few reports have presented the complicated technique and high risk in the surgery. In this article, we show a case of atlantoaxial dislocation successfully fixated without any cervical screws.

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