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Introduction: The link between stone formation and urinary tract infections (UTIs) is complicated; research has primarily focused on bacteria's potential to stimulate the formation of kidney stones. Infective urolithiasis has long been thought to be the result of a urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria, most commonly belonging to the Proteus genus. Staghorn stone, which is characterised by a massive calculus entirely occupying the renal pelvicalyceal system, is one of the most common kinds of infective lithiasis. This study can serve in identifying the risk of UTI in a patient with complex renal stones, as well as preventing and intervening early. Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) among patients with complex renal stones who were sent to the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation. Subject and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation's out-patient urology department. This study included a total of 113 patients with complex renal stones. Culture and sensitivity (C/S) tests were performed on a urine sample supplied to the SIUT microbiology lab. The C/S results were gathered and categorized as positive or negative according to the operational criteria. Results: The patients' average age was 30.83±8.29 years. There were 45 females (39.82 %) and 68 males (60.18 %). A urinary tract infection was observed in 22.12 % (25/113) of patients with complex renal stones. Conclusion: We discovered a high prevalence of urinary tract infection in individuals with complex renal stones, and we propose that patients with acute nephrolithiasis have urine cultures taken and be monitored closely. Empiric therapy should be considered for patients with pyuria, women, or those with clinical characteristics suggestive of infection if sensitivity to diagnose urinary tract infection is to be prioritized because of the potentially serious consequences of under-treatment Keywords: Nephrolithiasis, Urinary tract infections, Complex renal stones, Staghorn Stones.

Aim: To determine the frequency of postoperative complications related to continent cutaneous channel. Study Design: Descriptive study Place and duration of study: Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology & Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan from 1st August 2019 to 30th November 2021 Methodology: One hundred and seven patients underwent continent catheterizable channel formation via Mitrofanoff principle were included. Each patient was followed in OPD up to 6 months post-procedure to assess the complications i.e. stomal stenosis, stomal incontinence and surgical site infection. Results: Mean age was 31.07±12.78 years. Out of 107 patients, 85(79.4%) were males while 22(20.6%) were females. Postop stenosis was found in 26(24.3%), incontinence in 3(2.8%) while surgical site infection was noted in 48(44.9%) patients. Conclusions: Surgical site infection is the most common postoperative complication that warrants attention followed by stenosis and incontinence. Keywords: Continent cutaneous channel, Mitrofanoff, Stomal stenosis, Stomal incontinence

Aim: To determine the frequency of stone clearance following single tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy and evaluate the reliability of the renal stone. Study Design: Descriptive study Place and duration of study: Department of Urology, SIUT, Karachi from 1st January 2020 to 31st October 2021. Methodology: One hundred and forty four patients were enrolled. Patients were classified into three groups, low, medium and high score group based on Seoul Renal Stone Complexity Scoring System. To determine the SFR, all patients were followed with ultrasound and X-ray KUB for 30th day after the surgery. Results: The patients' mean age was 34.51±12.57 years. The mean SReSC score was 4.00±1.96. There were 106(73.61%) males and 38(26.39%) patients were females. SReSC score was low in 71 patients (49.31%), medium in 45 patients (31.25%), and high in 28 patients (19.44%). 114(79.17%) patients were found to be stone-free. The SFR was greater among patients with a low S-ReSC score 98.6%. Conclusion: The S-ReCSC scoring system is valuable in predicting of the post PCNL stone free rate. Keywords: Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity Score, Stone free rate, Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with renal function recovery in individuals with kidney failure due to obstruction in the urinary tract. Method: The prospective, descriptive study was conducted July 2020 to August 2021 at the Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, and comprised adult patients of either gender who had renal failure secondary to obstructive urinary tract. Baseline data regarding patients’ variables, including age, gender, duration of symptoms (25 days or 25 days), haemoglobin (9.85g/dl or 9.85g/dl), serum creatinine and renal cortical thickness (16.5mm or 16.5 mm), was noted on a proforma. The variables were stratified to assess impact on renal recovery. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Results: Of the 126 patients, 43(34.13%) were males and 83(65.87%) were females. The overall mean age was 44.13±14.18 years. Renal recovery occurred in 67(78.8%) patients having duration of symptoms 25 days, and in 13(31.7%) patients with duration of symptoms 25 days (p 0.001). Renal recovery occurred in 41(58.6%) patients having haemoglobin 9.85g/dL and in 39(69.6%) patients having haemoglobin 9.85g/dL (p=0.2). Renal recovery occurred in 26(37.7%) patients with parenchymal thickness 16.5mm and in 54(94.7%) patients with renal cortical thickness 16.5mm (p 0.001). Conclusion: Symptom duration 25 days, and renal parenchymal thickness 16.5mm were found to be predictive factors of good recovery in renal failure cases secondary to obstructive uropathy. Key Words: Urinary obstruction, Obstructive nephropathy, Percutaneous nephrostomy, Renal failure.