The foreign antigen that enters into the body is detected by the immune system through antigen presenting cells leading to the production of antibodies. The use of anti-idiotype antibodies is a new way to excite the immune response that identifies and eliminates the foreign antigens entered into the body. These Anti-idiotype antibodies have the ability to decrease the non-specific binding of the antigenic protein epitopes because of high specificity for the antigenic determinants. The anti-idiotype antibodies attach to the paratope of idiotype antibody and stimulate a precise immune reaction same as that of external antigen. The anti-idiotype antibodies are the peerless therapeutic candidate as they mimic the antigenic structure and potentiate antibody and cell-mediated immunity. Even in the absence of foreign antigen, these anti-idiotype antibodies have the potential to provide long-lasting immunity. The present review is about immune regulations by anti-idiotype antibodies with some success therapeutic stories. The previous research analysis is evidence of anti-idiotype antibodies as an excellent candidate for the development of both human and animal vaccines although it has some gaps that are needed to be addressed.

The objective of this study was to assess the occupational exposure to mercury in dentistry and associated environmental emission in wastewater of Lahore, Pakistan. A total of ninety-eight blood samples were collected comprising 37 dentists, 31 dental assistants, and 30 controls. Results demonstrate that the dentistry personnel contained significantly higher mean concentration of mercury in their blood samples (dentists: 29.835 µg/L and dental assistants: 22.798 µg/L) compared to that of the controls (3.2769 µg/L). The mean concentration of mercury was found maximum in the blood samples of older age group (62.8 µg/L) in dentists and (44.3 µg/L) in dental assistants. The comparison of mercury concentration among dentists, dental assistants, and controls (pairing based on their ages) revealed that the concentration increased with the age and experience among the dentists and dental assistants. Moreover, the mercury concentration in all the studied dental wastewater samples, collected from twenty-two dental clinics, was found to be exceeding the recommended discharge limit of 0.01 mg/L. Therefore, we recommend that immediate steps must be taken to ensure appropriate preventive measures to avoid mercury vapors in order to prevent potential health hazards to dentistry personnel. Strong regulatory and administrative measures are needed to deal with mercury pollution on emergency basis.

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small section of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that reduces the protein formation by making the pair of the complementary piece of mRNA. The genes of miRNA are present as transcriptional or polycistronic units in the chromosomes. The cellular multiplication, separation and existence like the multitude of genetic functions are affected by miRNA. Nearly 50% of identified miRNA are located in the residence in the intronic part of the genes. The mature miRNA is yielded in two steps. Drosha and RNA-induced silencing complex are the catalysts that play an important role in miRNA synthesis. The miRNA may function by just hindering the translation or complete vitiation of miRNA that occurs to control the genes. The microRNA antagonists and miRNA mimics are therapeutics approaches for the treatment of abnormalities. The upregulation and downregulation of miRNAs are linked to a number of diseases as miR-122 is associated with viral hepatitis, and some members of let-7 and other miRNAs are concerned with various diseases. Overexpressed miRNAs may function as both oncogenes and regulator of cellular processes. The miRNA functions can be altered by single-point mutations in miRNA target and epigenetic silencing of transcription units. There are numerous molecular targets for miRNA as degradation by nuclease and phosphodiesterase. Thus, miRNA has potential applications in disease diagnosis along with therapy, but the mechanisms involved in miRNA systems and its targeted delivery of miRNA are much more important to achieve its therapeutic applications.

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