The flower is the most significant and beautiful part of plants. Flowers are very useful organs in plant developmental phenomenon. During flower bud opening, various events takes place in a well defined sequence, representing all aspects of plant development, such as cell division, cellular differentiation, cell elongation or expansion and a wide spectrum of gene expression. The complexity of flower bud opening illustrates that various biological mechanisms are involved at different stages. Senescence represents the ultimate stage of floral development and results in wilting or abscission of whole flower or flower parts. Senescence is an active process and governed by a well defined cell death program. Once a flower bud opens, the programmed senescence of petal allows the removal of a metabolically active tissue. In leaves, this process can be reversed, but in floral tissue it cannot, indicating that a highly controlled genetic program for cell death is operating. The termination of a flower involves at least two, sometimes overlapping, mechanisms. In one, the perianth abscises before the majority of its cells initiate a cell death program. Abscission may occur before or during the mobilization of food reserves to other parts of the plant. Alternatively, the petals may be more persistent, so that cell deterioration and food remobilization occur while the petals are still part of the flower. The overall pattern of floral opening varies widely between plant genera, therefore, a number of senescence parameters have been used to group plants into somewhat arbitrary categories. Opening and senescence of rose flower is still an unsolved jigsaw in the world of floriculture industry and the mechanism behind the onset of the very early events in the sequence still remains to be elucidated. Hence, for advancing the knowledge on the pertinent aspect of bud opening and senescence the literature has been cited under this review.Keywords Abscisic acid Á Ascorbate peroxidase Á Catalase Á Ethylene Á Gibberellin Á Glutathione reductase Á Hydrogen peroxide Á Hydroxyl radical Á Lipoxygenase Á Pectin methyl esterase Á Polygalactouronase Á Peroxidase Á Relative water content Plant growths regulators Gibberellins (GAs)The role of GAs in petal growth has been demonstrated in many plants. Analysis of endogenous GAs in young petunia anthers and corolla indicated the

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Rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs) are often employed in laboratory testing to determine contaminant treatment effectiveness by anion-exchange resins (AERs) or granular activated carbons (GACs) in a short timeframe compared to pilot testing. RSSCTs are performed by reducing the AER or GAC particle size via grinding, allowing for increased mass transfer and water throughput. However, the scaling factors between ground and unground resins for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), specifically for waters with elevated natural organic carbon levels, remain uncertain. Bench-scale column experiments were performed to evaluate the applicability of employing RSSCTs for removal of PFAAs from groundwater with elevated naturally occurring organic carbon using ground and unground AERs and GACs. For both the AERs and the GAC, PFAA migration through the columns was well-described by the Thomas model. A constant diffusivity model was appropriate for describing transport. For GAC and one of the AERs tested, the inclusion of near-surface adsorption was accounted for by scaling the equilibrium sorption capacity to r –0.5.

SUMMARYOxyspirura petrowiis a heteroxenous parasitic nematode that has been reported in high prevalences from birds in the Order Galliformes experiencing population declines in the USA. There is a paucity of information regarding the natural historyO. petrowi, including the life cycle and effects of infection on wild bird populations. In order to study the life cycle of this parasite, we collected plains lubber grasshoppers (Brachystola magna) from a field location in Mitchell County, Texas. We found third-stage larvae (L3) in 37.9% (66/174)B. magna. We determined that they wereO. petrowithrough morphological comparison of L3 from experimentally infectedAcheta domesticusand by sequence analysis. Then, we showed thatB. magnaare a potential intermediate hosts forO. petrowiinfections in northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in a laboratory setting by experimental infection. We first detected shedding of eggs in feces using a fecal float technique 52 days post infection. In addition, we recovered 87O. petrowifrom experimentally infected northern bobwhites. Although we detected shedding in feces, recovery of eggs was low (>5 eggs/g). Future work is needed to understand shedding routes and shedding patterns of northern bobwhites infected withO. petrowi.

Operators of cyber-physical production system (CPPS) will use handheld interactive control panels for supervising production processes. These interactive and handheld control panels will present numerous sensors data. Processing of such complex data for task fulfilment in critical scenario will cause cognitive workload on operators. The prevalent industry efficiency measures so far have focused on human physical workload measures; the human cognitive load has not been considered in industrial practices. Smart factories in the near future will begin to integrate intelligent machines with complex communication network systems between human and machines. In this paper, we argue that the changing industrial scenario requires developing new measures of production efficiency. As a result, we propose a theoretical framework for a smart factory efficiency measure as a function of the combined efficiencies of the human cognitive system, smart machines, and their shared communication systems.