Background: Pharmacotherapy plays important role in the management of paediatric dental patients in the department of paediatric dentistry. Many children at their early age suffer from different kinds of dental conditions such as acute and chronic irreversible pulpitis, acute and chronic alveolar abscesses, dentoalveolar and vestibular abscesses, etc along with physiological tooth movement that requires professional help for dental treatment. Treatment of such conditions most frequently requires pharmacotherapy as an either adjunct to dental therapeutic procedure or as a monotherapy. Objective: To assess the prescribing patterns vis-a-vis generic or trade name, generic class, dosage form, route, frequency, duration, number of drugs per patient, cost and indication of drug therapy, patterns of dental treatment and Frankl's behavioral rating. Materials and methods: Prescriptions of 200 paediatric dental patients undergoing dental treatment in the department of paediatric dentistry were analyzed prospectively for a period of six months in a dental teaching hospital. Results: 133 (56.5%) patients were males and 87 (43.5%) females and age group 6-10 years was the most frequent group (70%, P=0.0000000) and all the patients received pharmacotherapy. Total numbers of 357 drugs were prescribed. Out of them, 212 (59.4%, P=0.0000008) were analgesic agents, 133 (37.3%) antimicrobial agents (AMAs) and 12 (3.3%) other drugs. Extended spectrum Penicllins were the most commonly prescribed (90.2%) AMA followed by Metronidazole (9.8%). 247 drugs (69.2%, P=0.0000000) were prescribed by trade names. 60% (P=0.0000002) drugs were prescribed in the form of tablet or capsule followed by syrup 37% and administered entirely through oral route. Percentage of patients receiving three drugs, two drugs and one drug was 13.5%, 56.5% (P=0.0000000) and 30% respectively and one patient received on average 1.78 medicines. 133 patients (56.5%, P=0.0000000) received both AMA and analgesic agent. Minimum to maximum number of days for pharmacotherapy were 2 to 15 and highest frequency was up to four times a day. Cost of medicines was in the range of 10-150 Nepalese Rupees. Chronic irreversible pulpitis was the commonest diagnosis (28%) and extraction (92.5%) was the commonest dental procedure. Frankl's behaviour rating showed that 78.5% (P=0.0000000) patients had positive attitude towards the dental procedures. Conclusion: Findings of the study suggest that pharmacotherapy is the mainstay in therapy to treat the paediatric dental patients along with dental procedures either to control the dental pain or odontogenic infection. Age group 6-10 years, chronic irreversible pulpitis and dental extraction are the commonest age group, diagnosis and dental procedure respectively in the department of paediatric dentistry. Analgesic (non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs-Nimesulide, Ibuprofen and Paracetamol) and Amoxicillin are the most frequently prescribed drugs mostly in the solid dosage forms in trade names via oral route. Duration of pharmacother...

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is one of the most common endocrinopathies after Diabetes Mellitus. Thyroid dysfunction is defined as the alteration in Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) with normal or abnormal thyroid hormones. Nepalese population have a high risk for thyroid dysfunction with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency. Objective: To study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among the patients visiting National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal for checkup and suggested to assess thyroid function. Materials and Methods: The hospital-based study was conducted in Central Laboratory, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Birgunj in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry. Total 7040 patients visiting Central Laboratory for thyroid function assessment were included in the study between July 2017 to December 2019. The venous blood sample was collected and serum-free triiodothyronine(fT3), free tetraiodothyronine(fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was estimated by Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) method using Access 2 Beckman Coulter analyser. (Beckman Coulter Inc., California, USA). Results: Among 7040 subjects under study, 2138(30%) were found to have thyroid dysfunction with 13% having subclinical hypothyroidism, about 8% of overt hypothyroidism, about 4% with subclinical hyperthyroidism and 5% with overt hyperthyroidism. Majority of the thyroid dysfunction study group belonged to the 16-30 years age group followed by 31-45 years. Mean±SE for TSH, fT4 and fT3 levels show statistically significant differences in different thyroid disorders. Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism followed by overt hypothyroidism among the patients visiting National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal. A higher percentage of females were found to have thyroid dysfunction compared to male.

Purpose:There are uncertainties about whether general or central obesity is the more important determinant for blood pressure and hypertension in young Chinese. We aim to investigate the association between adiposity measures and blood pressure and hypertension in young medical students. Methods:A total of 380 medical students were recruited from the 2012 batch in the Clinical College of Dali University. Anthropometric measures and offi ce blood pressure were measured. Blood pressure status was defi ned by Chinese hypertension guidelines and ACC/AHA 2017 hypertension guidelines, respectively. We examined the associations of adiposity measures (body weight, body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], waist-to-height ratio [WHtR], ponderal index [PI], body adiposity index (BAI) and conicity index [CI]) with blood pressure and hypertension by sex. Results:In 380 subjects (women 66.6%, mean age 21.5 years), the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) was 2.1%, and the prevalence of hypertension was 2.6% (≥ 140/90 mmHg) and 24.5% (≥ 130/80 mmHg), respectively. In correlation analyses and multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses, most adiposity measures of central obesity were signifi cantly associated with blood pressure in men, while in women, either adiposity measures of central or general obesity were associated with blood pressure. The predictive power of adiposity measures for hypertension was generally low in men. However, adiposity measures of either general obesity or central obesity were predictive for hypertension defi ned by Chinese hypertension guidelines in women. Conclusion:There are gender-specifi c associations of central and general obesity with blood pressure and hypertension in young Chinese medical students.Gender-specifi c associations of anthropometric measures of adiposity with blood pressure and hypertension in young Chinese Medical College

Background: Skin appendageal tumors (SAT) are a large and diverse group of tumors that are commonly classified according to their state of appendageal differentiation: Follicular, sebaceous, eccrine and apocrine. Most adnexal neoplasms are uncommonly encountered in routine practice, and pathologists can easily recognise frequently encountered tumours. In this study, the histological features of important benign and malignant tumors of pilosebaceous origin were reviewed considering its morphologic types, subtypes, age, sex and anatomic site.

Background and Aim: Scrub typhus, a potentially severe but treatable infection is a major cause of acute non-malarial febrile illness in children in the rural tropics. The present study aims to explore the association between the liver function tests in the cases of scrub typhus and correlate the levels of these parameters with the severity of the scrub typhus infections, their clinical risk characteristics that may be used to forecast disease severity under routine clinical practice. Methodology: This prospective observational study, conducted at National Medical College Teaching Hospital, a tertiary care referral teaching hospital situated in province two of Nepal over a period of 7 months (November, 2021- May 2022) enrolled 75 scrub typhus cases and their liver function tests were done following standard guidelines. Results:There were deranged liver function tests in the participants. The mean Aspartate Transaminase, Alanine Transaminase, Total Bilirubin and Albumin were425.48 ± 505.56 U/L, 368.54 ± 402.22 U/L, 3.8 ± 3.1 mg/dL and 3.10 ± 0.8 g/dL, respectively. Most of the cases presented with hypoalbuminemia (66.7%), cardiac dysfunction (64%), acute kidney injury (61%) and hepatitis (60%). About 9 % of the subjects presented as multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Conclusion: Scrub typhus cases presents with deranged liver function tests results and the values can be helpful in assessment of the disease severity and outcome.