2,4-Thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) is a versatile pharmacophore, a privileged scaffold, and a remarkable sulphur-containing heterocyclic compound with diverse pharmacological activities. The multifarious biological activities, due to different mechanisms of action, low cost, and easy availability of 2,4-TZD impressed medicinal chemists to integrate this moiety to develop various lead compounds with diverse therapeutic actions. This resulted in the swift development in the last decade for generating different new potential molecules bearing 2,4-TZD. In this review, the authors attempt to shape and present the latest investigations (2012 onwards) going on in generating promising 2,4-TZD containing lead compounds. The data has been collected and analyzed to develop the structure-activity relationship (SAR). The SAR and active pharmacophores of various leads accountable for antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities have also been illustrated. This review also highlighted some of the important chemical synthetic routes for the preparation of various 2,4-TZD derivatives. This review will definitely serve as a useful source of structural information to medicinal chemists and may be utilized for the strategic design of potent 2,4-TZD derivatives in the future.

Aim: To develop novel compounds having potent anticancer and antibacterial activities. Background: Several studies have proved that benzylidene analogues of clinical 2,4-TZDs such as troglitazone and ciglitazone have more potent antiproliferative activity than their parent compounds. Literature studies also revealed that attachment of more heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen on 5th position of 2,4-TZD can enhance the antimicrobial activity. Hence, attachment of various moieties on benzylidene ring may produce safe and effective compounds in future. Objective: The objective of the present study is to synthesize a set of novel benzylidene ring containing 5- and 3- substituted-2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives and evaluated for their anticancer and antibacterial activity. Method: The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR, mass and elemental studies. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed for human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human lung cancer (A549) cells and HepG2 cell-line and compared to standard drug doxorubicin by MTT assay. Antimicrobial activity of the synthesized 2,4-thiazolidinediones derivatives was carried out using the cup plate method with slight modification. Result: The results obtained showed that TZ-5 and TZ-13 exhibited good antiproliferative activity against A549 cancer cell-line whereas TZ-10 exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cell-line when compared to standard drug doxorubicin. TZ-5 also exhibited reasonable activity against MCF-7 cell-line against doxorubicin as standard. TZ-4, TZ-5, TZ-6, TZ-7 and TZ-16 exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram +ive and moderate activity against Gram –ive bacteria against standard drug ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Attachment of heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen as the hetero atom improves the anticancer and antimicrobial potential. Attachment of electronegative element like halogens can also enhance the antimicrobial activity. Further structure modifications may lead to the development of more potent 2,4-TZD leads that can be evaluated for further advanced studies.

Background: 2,4-Thiazolidinedione derivatives was launched as antidiabetics in 90’s. Later the derivatives of 2,4-thiazolidinedione were banned due to hepatotoxicity. To the date, much research has been directed toward the synthesis and novel uses of 2,4-thiazolidinedione compounds.Aim: The aim of the present study is to synthesize a set of 3,5-disudstituted-2,4-thiazolidinediones as antimicrobial. These compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity.Method: First, the 2,4-thiazolidinedione was substituted at the position of 3 using sodium hydroxide and ethanol and then substituted at the position of 5 in the presence of piperdine by the Knoevenagel condensation method. The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral studies.Result: 3,5-disubstituted-5-benzylidine-2,4-thiazolidinediones derivative was synthesized using benzyl halides and aromatic aldehydes. The results obtained showed that TZ-1 exhibited good activity against Bacillus subtilis while no activity against Escherichia coli.Conclusion: Attachment of more heterocyclic rings containing Nitrogen on the 3rd position of 2,4-thiazolidinedione can enhance the antimicrobial activity. Addition of more lipophilic agents may increase the bioavailability and efficacy of the drug. Long alkyl chains on the benzylidene ring can also increase the lipophilic character, and further attachment of these kind of agents on benzylidene chain may produce safe and effective compounds in future.

In silico studies, are increasing now-a-days, as through computer mechanics, screening of novel compounds based upon their physicochemical properties is important to reduce the cost of synthesizing novel medicinal compounds. In silico studies by network analysis and throughout screening helps to know and calculate biological activity of medicinal compounds. Novel 9- benzylpurine derivatives synthesized previously are used to study its structure and bioavailability radar, physicochemical properties, lipophilicity, solubility, pharmacokinetics, drug likeness and medicinal chemistry properties. These properties are calculated by use of Chem draw, open babel[16] and SwissADME software available freely. The novel 9-benzyl-6-(furan-2-yl) -2-(N,N dimethylamino)-9H-purine compound[17] shows good druglikeness properties to make it orally active.