The objective of the presented work was to convert waste glass and mollusk shells into
a porous material for separation of the direct blue 15 azo dye from
industrial wastewater. The porous glass material of specific pore
size and surface area was prepared through a thermochemical reaction
by reacting waste glass with mollusk shells, soda, and rock salt.
The optimal reaction conditions were determined by adjusting the reaction
time, reaction temperature, and relative amount of the reactants.
The surface morphology, elemental composition, and functional groups
of the material were studied through scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), X-ray florescence spectroscopy (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) methods were used to determine the pore size distribution and
surface area of the porous material. The material consisted of different
types of flakes, oval-shaped particles, and granules. In addition
to the functionalized char, the porous material contained Si–O–Si,
Si–O–Al, and Si–OH groups. Relatively better
yield and pore size distribution were obtained at a reaction temperature
of 800 °C and reaction time of 90 min. The fully characterized
material was used to separate the blue dye from industrial wastewater.
This porous material absorbed about 2.66 mg/g blue dye from wastewater
after 20 min of treatment time. The adsorption data fit the Freundlich
isotherm better than the Langmuir isotherm. The correlation coefficient
of Freundlich isotherm varied from 0.93 to 0.98, which was slightly
higher than the correlation coefficient of Langmuir isotherm.
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