Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were obtained experimentally by a static method for a binary component hydrogen-methane mixture on activated carbon and 5A molecular sieve adsorbents. The temperature range 303-333 K and pressure range 0-4 MPa were examined. Methods for predicting gas-mixture equilibrium adsorption data from the pure-component isotherms were evaluated. Extended Langmuir model correlated the adsorption of binary mixtures fairly well. In all cases mutual interference was found, that is, the amount of a given gas adsorbed at a given partial pressure was always less in the mixture than it would have been if the other gaseous component had not been present. It was found that the amount adsorbed of gases per unit bulk volume for 5A molecular sieve was higher than for activated carbon. Furthermore, 5A molecular sieve showed better adsorption characteristics than activated carbon in mass transfer properties, affinity, selectivity and heat of adsorption.

Adsorption and desorption kinetic curves for equimolar hydrogen – methane mixture on molecular sieve type 5A were experimentally obtained for pressure range 0.122 – 3.546 MPa.The linear driving force rate expression model was used to simulate the dynamic of adsorption and desorption in adiabatic fixed bed adsorber. The model takes into account the interference effects for non-linear isotherms and non-isothermal system. The equations were solved by backward finite difference method with a fixed gridding technique. The individual mass transfer parameters were obtained by matching the theoretical with the experimental data and found to be equal to 8.510 s-1 and 0.783 s-1 for hydrogen and methane, respectively.The predicted effluent histories were shown to be in close agreement with the experimental data for the system. The lowest relative capacity of the bed for methane was almost approximately 95% of that predicted equilibrium capacity. The predicted temperature profiles tracked the experimental temperature data points, but with higher values. Furthermore, the maximum temperature increasing was observed for the adsorption of methane onto 5A molecular sieve at 35 atmospheres and was recorded as 44 K.

An experimental batch extraction method was studied to obtain a carotenoid pigment from dried Sargassum Angustifolium algae using ultrasound as an enhancer and a mixture of ethanol-isopropanol as a solvent. The purpose of this work is to investigate the extraction kinetics as well as the temperature effects (303 to 333) K, solvent concentration (40% ethanol -60% isopropanol to 60% ethanol -40% isopropanol) and particle size (250 -500, 500 -710 and 710 -1000) micrometer. Also, the effect of collecting, drying and transporting Sargassum Angustifolium algae on the total carotenoids extraction from dried algae was studied. The ultimate extraction value of the carotenoids was found to be 0.29% from algae. A batch model for extraction was created and numerically solved. The model parameters were calculated using existing empirical correlations and data gathered during this project. The model predicts the mass transport rate constant and saturation capacity at various temperatures. Furthermore, the energy of activation and frequency factor of the extraction process were enumerated and it was found that the process is endothermic with activation energy equals 28.9 kJ/mol. The utilized mathematical model agreed well with the experimental data, allowing it to be used in modeling and improving the carotenoids extracting process from Sargassum Angustifolium algae.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) used for welding similar and dissimilar materials especially to join sheet Al alloys. In this study, commercial pure aluminum and copper sheets (Al/Cu) with a thickness of 3mm were joined. We first preheated on the Cu side by pinless welding tool. Three different tool rotational speeds of 700, 1000 and 1500 rpm were used while the axial load and transverse speed were kept constant at 7.5 KN and 30 mm/min, respectively. We measured different parameters to determine the best rotational speeds for welding. Such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis which showed that at 700 rpm there are three elements: Al, Cu and oxygen are present. While at 1500 rpm formation of different Intermetallic Compounds (IMCs). At 1000 rpm the interface has only Al and Cu in a uniform structure this result is due to the sufficient frictional heat generated at 1000 rpm and it considered perfect welds with acceptable mechanical properties.