Two strains of Clostridium isolated from soilnear the gas stations in Basrah, Iraq, was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Clostridium bifermentans strain 0910-0608 and -Clostridium bifermentans strain 0912-02001 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by these strains were investigated. The extracted PHA was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that these strains are PHA producers.

The antibacterial activity of the aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaves were tested against 46 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk, also tested against standard bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). The highest antibacterial potency was observed for the methanolic extract with zone of inhibition (14.3043 ± 1.8722 mm), followed by ethanolic (12.9565 ± 2.0106 mm) then aqueous (11.6304 ± 2.2446 mm). The effect of methanolic extract against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates was the excellent in comparison to other extracts (14.1± 1.88 mm) zone of inhibition followed by ethanolic (12.91 ± 2.372 mm) then aqueous (12 ± 2.41 mm). The isolates were subjected Kirby Bauer method to test their antibiotic susceptibility pattern, substantial antibiotic resistance were shown by 46 (100%) of isolates for ampicillin. Moderate resistance was shown by 31(67.4%) for oxacillin and low resistance was observed by erythromycin. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed that the presence of high amount of phenolic compounds in methanolic extract (5.4) mg/ml, ethanolic (4.9) mg/ml and aqueoeus (3) mg/ml. MRSA provides a prospecting for new compounds which may be particularly effective against infections that are currently difficult to treat (1).Aims of the conducted study are: 1) an attempt to determine the antibacterial activity of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn) leaves against S. aureus isolates, and Gram negative bacteria. 2) antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. 3) explore the biochemical constituents of extracts.

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Resistance to antibacterial drugs is a major health problem because of its impact . It is important to study the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in order to understand.Twenty five Salmonella enterica isolated from human and animal diarrhea. Traditional culture methods, biochemical methods, and molecular methods were used to characterize the samples during December to September 2020  to 2021. Disk diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates identified as MDR by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The PCR amplification was used to show presence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. Class 1 integrons and class3  were detected in 100% of the multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates,whlie class2 detected among 40%. RAPD-PCR fingerprinting regarded successfully as a reliable, reproducible, accurate and sensitive discriminatory method to Salmonella enterica. The results of RAPD-PCR amplification of Salmonella enterica  isolates revealed that 24 isolates (96.%) also showed about one to six amplification bands per isolate, except one isolates  were untypeble. The most frequent band was a 1400bp band (72%), while the lowest frequent band was 400bp (8%) among an individual isolates.