As atividades em busca de complementação da formação e aumento da experiência clínica dos alunos de Medicina - eqüidistantes e livres de controles acadêmicos - configuram o chamado "currículo paralelo". O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o "currículo paralelo" dos alunos do ciclo profissional do curso médico da Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, relativo ao primeiro semestre de 2004. Foram entrevistados 232 alunos, por meio de questionário estruturado, com dez seções, que avaliaram as atividades extracurriculares de plantões, enfermarias, ambulatórios, projetos, grupos de estudo, grupos de raciocínio clínico, extensão e publicações. Cada estudante respondeu sobre o período em curso (primeiro semestre de 2004) e sobre o período anterior. Os resultados mostraram que o "currículo paralelo" estava presente para a grande maioria dos alunos, com 82,5% deles com atividades e uma média de 3,4 por aluno e ocupando, em média, 8,2 horas semanais. A atividade mais presente foi a de extensão, seguida pelas de projetos e plantões. As principais motivações para as atividades foram a aquisição de maior experiência clínica e um melhor currículo.

BackgroundWe aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) clinical isolates and investigate the molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis from Minas Gerais State, Brazil.MethodsOne hundred and four MTb clinical isolates were assessed by IS6110-RFLP, 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), TB-SPRINT (simultaneous spoligotyping and rifampicin-isoniazid drug-resistance mutation analysis) and 3R-SNP-typing (analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes involved in replication, recombination and repair functions).ResultsFifty-seven different IS6110-RFLP patterns were found, among which 50 had unique patterns and 17 were grouped into seven clusters. The discriminatory index (Hunter and Gaston, HGDI) for RFLP was 0.9937. Ninety-nine different MIRU-VNTR patterns were found, 95 of which had unique patterns and nine isolates were grouped into four clusters. The major allelic diversity index in the MIRU-VNTR loci ranged from 0.6568 to 0.7789. The global HGDI for MIRU-VNTR was 0.9991. Thirty-two different spoligotyping profiles were found: 16 unique patterns (n = 16) and 16 clustered profiles (n = 88). The HGDI for spoligotyping was 0.9009. The spoligotyped clinical isolates were phylogenetically classified into Latin-American Mediterranean (66.34 %), T (14.42 %), Haarlem (5.76 %), X (1.92 %), S (1.92 %) and U (unknown profile; 8.65 %). Among the U isolates, 77.8 % were classified further by 3R-SNP-typing as 44.5 % Haarlem and 33.3 % LAM, while the 22.2 % remaining were not classified. Among the 104 clinical isolates, 86 were identified by TB-SPRINT as MDR, 12 were resistant to rifampicin only, one was resistant to isoniazid only, three were susceptible to both drugs, and two were not successfully amplified by PCR. A total of 42, 28 and eight isolates had mutations in rpoB positions 531, 526 and 516, respectively. Correlating the cluster analysis with the patient data did not suggest recent transmission of MDR-TB.ConclusionsAlthough our results do not suggest strong transmission of MDR-TB in Minas Gerais (using a classical 100 % MDR-TB identical isolates cluster definition), use of a smoother cluster definition (>85 % similarity) does not allow us to fully eliminate this possibility; hence, around 20–30 % of the isolates we analyzed might be MDR-TB transmission cases.

BACKGROUNDThe accurate detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is critical for the application of appropriate patient treatment and prevention of transmission of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. The goal of this study was to evaluate the correlation between phenotypic and molecular techniques for drug-resistant tuberculosis diagnostics. Molecular techniques used were the line probe assay genotype MTBDRplus and the recently described tuberculosis-spoligo-rifampin-isoniazid typing (TB-SPRINT) bead-based assay. Conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST) was done on a BACTECTM MGIT 960 TB.METHODWe studied 80 M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) clinical isolates from Minas Gerais state, of which conventional DST had classified 60 isolates as MDR and 20 as drug susceptible.FINDINGSAmong the 60 MDR-TB isolates with MGIT as a reference, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa for rifampicin (RIF) resistance using TB-SPRINT and MTBDRplus, were 96.7% versus 93.3%, 100.0% versus 100.0%, 97.5% versus 95.0% and 0.94 versus 0.88, respectively. Similarly, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa for isoniazid (INH) resistance were 85.0% and 83.3%, 100.0% and 100.0%, 88.8% and 87.5% and 0.74 and 0.71 for both tests, respectively. Finally, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa for MDR-TB were 85.0% and 83.3%, 100.0% and 100.0%, 88.8% and 87.5% and 0.74 and 0.71 for both tests, respectively.MAIN CONCLUSIONSBoth methods exhibited a good correlation with the conventional DST. We suggest estimating the cost-effectiveness of MTBDRplus and TB-SPRINT in Brazil.

Background In recent decades, Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the RD Rio genotype, frequently isolated from tuberculosis patients in Rio de Janeiro, has become part of the Latin American – Mediterranean (LAM) family and has been associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of M. tuberculosis RD Rio in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and its relationship with MDR-TB. Methods For convenience, 172 susceptible and 63 MDR M. tuberculosis isolates were taken from pulmonary samples from patients diagnosed between January 2007 and December 2011. The DNA extracted from these isolates was analyzed by spoligotyping, PCR-RFLP to characterize fbpC 103 / Ag85C103, multiplex PCR to detect RD Rio and RD174, and MIRU-VNTR 24 loci . Results Among the 235 isolates, the RD Rio pattern was identified in 122 (51.9%) isolates (IC 0.45–0.58), with 100 (42.5%) wild-type and 13 (5.5%) mixed pattern isolates, whereas RD174 was identified in 93 of the 122 RD Rio positive samples (76.3%). The LAM family and the LAM9 lineage were the most frequently identified among the isolates in this study. Among the 63 MDR isolates , 41 (65.1%) were RD Rio and 28 (44.4%) RD174. Conclusion The association of both deletions with MDR proved to be statistically significant, corroborating the few reports that have associated RD Rio with MDR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4152-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

DNA genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been widely applied in the understanding of disease transmission in many countries. The purpose of this study was to genotype the strains of M. tuberculosis isolated in patients with new tuberculosis (TB) cases in Minas Gerais, as well as to compare the similarity, discriminatory power, and agreement of the clusters between the IS6110 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorfism (RFLP) and 12 loci Variable Number Tandem Repeat – Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units (MIRU-VNTR) techniques. It was observed that 32% (66/204) of the isolated strains in the RFLP-IS6110 and 50.9% (104/204) of the isolated strains in the MIRU-VNTR presented a similarity of equal to or above 85%. The RFLP-IS6110 and MIRU-VNTR proved to contain a high discriminatory power. The similarity index resulting from the RFLP showed no recent transmission. Good agreement was observed between the techniques when clusters were detected; however, the best epidemiological relationship was found when using the RFLP-IS6110.