Catalepsy – an immobile state in which individuals fail to change imposed postures – can be induced by haloperidol. In rats, the pattern of haloperidol-induced catalepsy is very similar to that observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD). As some PD symptoms seem to depend on the patient’s emotional state, and as anxiety disorders are common in PD, it is possible that the central mechanisms regulating emotional and cataleptic states interplay. Previously, we showed that haloperidol impaired contextual-induced alarm calls in rats, without affecting footshock-evoked calls. Here, we evaluated the influence of distinct aversive stimulations on the haloperidol-induced catalepsy. First, male Wistar rats were subjected to catalepsy tests to establish a baseline state after haloperidol or saline administration. Next, distinct cohorts were exposed to open-field; elevated plus-maze; open-arm confinement; inescapable footshocks; contextual conditioned fear; or corticosterone administration. Subsequently, catalepsy tests were performed again. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy was verified in all drug-treated animals. Exposure to open-field, elevated plus-maze, open-arm confinement, footshocks, or administration of corticosterone had no significant effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Contextual conditioned fear, which is supposed to promote a more intense fear, increased catalepsy over time. Our findings suggest that only specific defensive circuitries modulate the nigrostriatal system mediating the haloperidol-induced cataleptic state.
Early-life stress (ELS) is associated with a higher risk of psychopathologies in adulthood, such as depression, which may be related to persistent changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ELS on the functioning of the HPA axis in clinical and experimental situations. Clinically, patients with current depressive episodes, with and without ELS, and healthy controls, composed the sample. Subjects took a capsule containing placebo, fludrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone or spironolactone followed by an assessment of plasma cortisol the morning after. Experimentally, male Wistar rats were submitted to ELS protocol based on variable, unpredictable stressors from postnatal day (PND)1 to PND21. On PND65 animals were behaviorally evaluated through the forced-swimming test (FST). At PND68, pharmacological challenges started, using mifepristone, dexamethasone, spironolactone, or fludrocortisone, and corticosterone levels were determined 3 h after injections. Cortisol response of the patients did not differ significantly from healthy subjects, regardless of their ELS history, and it was lower after fludrocortisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone compared with placebo, indicating the suppression of plasma cortisol by all these treatments. Animals exposed to ELS presented altered phenotype as indicated by an increased immobility time in the FST when compared with control, but no significant long-lasting effects of ELS were observed on the HPA axis response. Limitations on the way the volunteers were sampled may have contributed to the lack of ELS effects on the HPA axis, pointing out the need for further research to understand these complex phenomena
Graduação em Neurologia/Neurociências, onde o trabalho foi realizado, pela infraestrutura e apoio, e aos funcionários dessa instituição, que facilitaram minha passagem por aqui. Às agências de fomento-CNPq, CAPES, FAEPA-FMRPpelo suporte financeiro ao laboratório, e especialmente à FAPESP pela concessão da bolsa de Mestrado e de estágio no exterior. Ao Laboratório de Neurofisiologia e Neuroetologia Experimental (LNNE), especialmente ao Prof. Dr. Norberto García Cairasco, meu orientador, pela acolhida, incentivo diário, suporte nas minhas ambições e a oportunidade de aprender e desenvolver esse trabalho no laboratório. Mais do que ciência, aqui renovei minha certeza de que um país justo só se faz com educação, arte e sociedade. Você é inspiração por se dedicar com tanto carinho a esses pilares que nos fazem humanos. Ao Laboratório de Neuroanatomia e Neuropsicobiologia (LNN) e ao Prof. Dr. Norberto Cysne Coimbra, co-orientador, por abrir as portas do laboratório para que eu desenvolvesse parte importante dessa pesquisa e por todas discussões que resultaram em aprendizados e trocas muito além da colaboração científica. Estendo o agradecimento aos membros de laboratório que me auxiliaram na inserção em um ambiente diferente, e tiveram paciência com minhas demandas de agendamento da arena, especialmente ao Tayllon dos Anjos Garcia, que, além disso, me acompanhou em todo o treinamento para análises comportamentais. Ao Prof. Dr. Eduardo Henrique de Lima Umeoka, ou Edu, co-orientador, pela amizade e por estar ao meu lado em todas as etapas do meu crescimento científico, me auxiliando na elaboração, execução e discussões do projeto principal e da BEPE. Você foi meu ponto de equilíbrio sem nem se dar conta! Esteve presente sempre que precisei, mesmo quando um de nós estava na Holanda e o outro no Brasil, ou ainda quando encerrou o vínculo com USP e foi ser Professor em outro estado (que sorte dos seus alunos!). Admiro muito a pessoa e o cientista que é. É muito bom trabalhar com você e desejo vida longa à nossa parceria.
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