En el presente artículo se analiza la naturaleza de las innovaciones creadas por emprendimientos sociales innovadores, al tiempo que se discute su relación con el modelo de negocios. Todo ello a partir de un estudio de casos exploratorio, cuya evidencia fue procesada con el software ATLAS.ti y estilizada en redes Semánticas. Los casos sugieren que dicha naturaleza, diferenciada en basada y no basada en tecnología, no sólo está asociada al modelo de negocios, sino a elementos específicos del emprendedor y del contexto/ecosistema de operación. De esta manera, se encontró que las innovaciones no basadas en tecnología permiten una elevada inclusión social, un empoderamiento y una construcción de capacidades de la población.

Innovative social entrepreneurship (ISE) is a topic of recent interest in research. The knowledge of the determinants of ISE and the characteristics of the innovations created by them is still limited. Therefore, the present document aims to contribute to this knowledge; specifically, it explores the determinants of the innovative behavior of ISE, during its process of creation and growth, and discusses the nature of such innovations (type, novelty, scope and impact) created throughout that process. Based on a case study of a paradigmatic Mexican social organization, we argue that these determinants are divided into: internal (characteristics of the individual entrepreneur and model/strategy of the organization); and external (context/environment). These determinants are causally associated with different stages of the abovementioned process and with certain attributes of the innovations developed. In addition, it is suggested that ISE innovation has a strong intangible and non-technological component, mainly in business model innovations, but also in its operating model (based on social inclusion).

El énfasis en lo local y regional ha cobrado especial relevancia en el debate actual sobre los desafíos de nuestra sociedad, principalmente porque en dichos espacios de proximidad, la ciudadanía percibe los impactos de la política pública y del comportamiento de los diferentes actores organizados que intervienen en su formulación e implementación. En esta edición se abordan las implicaciones organizacionales de las políticas públicas para el desarrollo regional en Latinoamérica. El conocimiento organizacional cobra sentido en el marco de la elaboración e implementación de políticas, toda vez que las acciones públicas no pueden ser cabalmente comprendidas sin su dimensión organizativa. Así las cosas, en los dos volúmenes de esta obra se lleva a cabo una reflexión de carácter interdisciplinario entre quienes, desde la perspectiva organizacional, generan conocimiento sobre las políticas públicas regionales. Entonces, se trata aquí de responder a una necesidad ineludible: ofrecer un espacio de reflexión que permita avanzar en el conocimiento de las políticas públicas a través de sus perspectivas organizacionales y territoriales. En resumen, en el volumen I se abordan la educación superior y la gobernanza metropolitana y ambiental, en tanto que en el volumen II se reflexiona sobre la innovación social y tecnológica, el turismo y la gastronomía.

Antivenoms (AVs) are biological therapies indicated in the treatment of envenoming by bites or stings of venomous animals. However, access, supply problems, quality of manufacturing, sociocultural issues, and regulatory aspects are factors related to the effectiveness and safety of AVs. Likewise, the controlled clinical research is limited apparently for the low prevalence registered in tropical regions such as Latin America, Middle East, Africa, and Asia; therefore, a lack of evidence may elicit an unsuitable approach on the emergency or intensive care units. Moreover, the clinical trials are controversial because they would not reflect the reality inside the clinical setting of envenoming. Accordingly, there are factors influencing the therapeutic response to AVs. Here, the implementation of pharmacovigilance (PV) may help to improve the management of the AVs-related risks through the identification and assessment of suspected drug adverse reactions, ineffecti- veness, and other drug-related problems. Notwithstanding, the knowledge of the PV within clinical toxicology, emergency, and intensive care units is limited. Then, the PV must be established as a routine activity within an integral process of the medical attention of envenoming by bites or stings from venomous animals (BSVA) to guarantee a suitable and safe medication. The aim of this paper is outlining an overview about the clinical setting of envenoming, the current treatment and its relationship with the PV as a complementary activity to improve the quality, effectiveness, safety of AVs, through a perspective of experts in Mexico.

Introduction. Envenomation caused by snakebites is a health issue, globally unattended. Like in other countries, this situation is severe in Mexico. Even though Dirección General de Epidemiología de la Secretaría de Salud reports the annual number of cases, it is necessary to analyze in-depth such data to identify these events’ geographical distribution. Objective. This research aims to analyze the new cases and the incidence of the snakebites reported during 2017-2019 to identify the country’s most vulnerable states. Material and Methods. This research is based on the collection and detailed comparison of the smakesbites data taken from Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica between 2017 and 2019. Results. In 2017, 3,712 new cases were reported; 3,882 in 2018, and 4,095 with an incidence of 3.235 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Conclusions. Snakebite epidemiological surveillance requires more data (like the type and place of attention) and must derive in formulating dynamic plans to take care of the most vulnerable regions.