Obesity and overweight are associated with the burden of chronic diseases. The aim of the present meta‐analysis is to determine the efficacy of spirulina in reducing of obesity indices. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases were searched up to November 2019. Randomized controlled trials comparing spirulina supplementation with a placebo or no treatment for anthropometric indices were included. Meta‐analysis was performed using random‐effects model. Subgroup analysis and meta‐regression were carried out. Publication bias was evaluated using standard methods. Spirulina had ameliorative effects on weight (WMD = −1.85 Kg; 95% CI: −2.44, −1.26; p < .001; I2 = 82.4%, p < .001), and waist circumference (WMD = −1.09 cm; 95% CI: −2.16, −0.01; p = .046; I2 = 0.0%, p = .757) while no significant effect was shown on body mass index, even after sensitivity analysis (SMD = −0.53 Kg/m2; 95% CI: −1.25, 0.19; p = .149; I2 = 92.9%, p < .001); however, spirulina was effective in studies lasted for at least 12 weeks (SMD = −1.25 Kg/m2; 95% CI: −2.21, −0.28; p = .011; I2 = 90.8%, p < .001). Spirulina supplementation exerts beneficial effects on weight and waist circumference. The ameliorative effect of spirulina on body mass index was revealed in longer duration of supplementation.

Background and Objectives: Migraine is an exhausting neuro-inflammatory disorder recognized as recurrent headache attacks. Evidence has shown that Interleukin (IL)-1β plays a substantial role in the neuro-immunity pathogenicity of migraine. n-3 fatty acids and curcumin revealed neuro-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects through several pathways, of which the suppression of IL-1β gene expression is an important inflammatory pathway. The aim of this study was the investigation of synergistic relation of n -3 fatty acids and nano-curcumin on IL-1β gene expression and serum levels in migraine patients. Methods: This study was performed as a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the period of two months. A total of 80 episodic migraines were assigned in 4 groups of 1) n-3 fatty acids and curcumin combination; 2) n -3 fatty acids; 3) nano-curcumin; and 4) n-3 fatty acids and curcumin placebo. The gene expression and serum level of IL1β were measured by real-time PCR and ELISA methods respectively, at the beginning and the end of the interventions. Results: Results showed the n-3 fatty acids and nano-curcumin combination significantly reduced the attack frequency in a synergistic status (P < 0.001). A significantly greater reduction in serum level of IL-1β was observed in the combination group, and the differences in the other groups were not statistically significant. The IL-1β gene expression in combination group showed a significant reduction with respect to other treatment groups (P < 0.05), but these significant differences were absent after multiple testing Bonferroni corrections. Conclusion: Present findings revealed that n -3 fatty acids and curcumin co-supplementation can be suggested as a promising new approach in migraine headache management, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Context Sleeve gastrectomy (SG), the most common metabolic and bariatric surgery in adolescents, is associated with bone loss. Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a dynamic endocrine organ that responds to changes in nutrition and might serve as a novel biomarker for bone health. Two types of MAT have been described which differ in anatomic location, proximal regulated MAT vs distal constitutive MAT. Objective To determine the effects of SG on volumetric BMD (vBMD) and MAT in adolescents with obesity. We hypothesized that SG would lead to a decrease in vBMD and differential changes in MAT. Design 12-month prospective study in 52 adolescents with moderate-to-severe obesity (38F, mean age:17.5±2.2 years, mean BMI:45.2±7.0 kg/m 2), 26 subjects before and after SG and 26 nonsurgical controls. Main outcome measures Lumbar vBMD by QCT; MAT of the lumbar spine, femur and tibia by 1H-MRS; abdominal fat and thigh muscle by MRI Results Adolescents lost 34.1±13.1 kg after SG vs 0.3±8.4 kg in the control group (p&0.001). Lumbar vBMD decreased in the SG group (p=0.04) and this change was associated with a reduction in weight and muscle area (p&0.05) and an increase in lumbar MAT (p=0.0002). MAT of the femur and tibia decreased after SG vs. controls (p&0.05), however, the differences were no longer significant after controlling for change in weight. Conclusion SG in adolescents decreased lumbar vBMD associated with an increase in lumbar MAT and decrease in extremity MAT. This demonstrates differential changes of regulated MAT in the lumbar spine and constitutive MAT in the distal skeleton in adolescents in response to SG.