Bioactive glasses are a group of bioceramic materials that have extensive clinical applications. Their properties such as high biocompatibility, antimicrobial features, and bioactivity in the internal environment of the body have made them useful biomaterials in various fields of medicine and dentistry. There is a great variation in the main composition of these glasses and some of them whose medical usage has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are called Bioglass. Bioactive glasses have appropriate biocompatibility with the body and they are similar to bone hydroxyapatite in terms of calcium and phosphate contents. Bioactive glasses are applied in different branches of dentistry like periodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, esthetic and restorative dentistry. Also, some dental and oral care products have bioactive glasses in their compositions. Bioactive glasses have been used as dental implants in the human body in order to repair and replace damaged bones. Other applications of bioactive glasses in dentistry include their usage in periodontal disease, root canal treatments, maxillofacial surgeries, dental restorations, air abrasions, dental adhesives, enamel remineralization, and dentin hypersensitivity. Since the use of bioactive glasses in dentistry is widespread, there is a need to find methods and extensive resources to supply the required bioactive glasses. Various techniques have been identified for the production of bioactive glasses, and marine sponges have recently been considered as a rich source of it. Marine sponges are widely available and many species have been identified around the world, including the Persian Gulf. Marine sponges, as the simplest group of animals, produce different bioactive compounds that are used in a wide range of medical sciences. Numerous studies have shown the anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic effects of these compounds. Furthermore, some species of marine sponges due to the mineral contents of their structural skeletons, which are made of biosilica, have been used for extracting bioactive glasses.

Background: During laparoscopy, insufflation of an inert gas in the peritoneal cavity creates a working space to facilitate surgery. The space should be large enough to facilitate surgery without increasing intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) over a threshold limit (usually 15 mm Hg). Objectives: This experimental study was performed to evaluate the effects of increasing in intra-abdominal pressure on internal organs. Materials and Methods: Twenty female mixed breed dogs (20 ± 3 kg, 18 ± 1.2 months) were selected. They were randomly divided to two groups (n = 10). The intra-abdominal pressure was maintained 12 mm Hg and 20 mm Hg during the operation in control group and in test group respectively. Results: Histopathologic evaluations revealed more pathological changes at the kidney of all the dogs in test group in comparison to control group. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that organs that their blood supplies are related to one single or two arteries and their blood drainage are related to one or two veins are more sensitive to increased intra-abdominal pressure.

The oral cavity as the second most various microbial community in the body contains a broad spectrum of microorganisms which are known as the oral microbiome. The oral microbiome includes different types of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Numerous factors can affect the equilibrium of the oral microbiome community which can eventually lead to orodental infectious diseases. Periodontitis, dental caries, oral leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma are some multifactorial infectious diseases in the oral cavity. In defending against infection, the immune system has an essential role. Depending on the speed and specificity of the reaction, immunity is divided into two different types which are named the innate and the adaptive responses but also there is much interaction between them. In these responses, different types of immune cells are present and recent evidence demonstrates that these cell types both within the innate and adaptive immune systems are capable of secreting some extracellular vesicles named exosomes which are involved in the response to infection. Exosomes are 30–150 nm lipid bilayer vesicles that consist of variant molecules, including proteins, lipids, and genetic materials and they have been associated with cell-to-cell communications. However, some kinds of exosomes can be effective on the pathogenicity of various microorganisms and promoting infections, and some other ones have antimicrobial and anti-infective functions in microbial diseases. These discrepancies in performance are due to the origin of the exosome. Exosomes can modulate the innate and specific immune responses of host cells by participating in antigen presentation for activation of immune cells and stimulating the release of inflammatory factors and the expression of immune molecules. Also, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes participate in immunomodulation by different mechanisms. Ease of expansion and immunotherapeutic capabilities of MSCs, develop their applications in hundreds of clinical trials. Recently, it has been shown that cell-free therapies, like exosome therapies, by having more advantages than previous treatment methods are emerging as a promising strategy for the treatment of several diseases, in particular inflammatory conditions. In orodental infectious disease, exosomes can also play an important role by modulating immunoinflammatory responses. Therefore, MSCs-derived exosomes may have potential therapeutic effects to be a choice for controlling and treatment of orodental infectious diseases.

Problem statement:To determine the effect of the Tetra calcium phosphate and Diacalcium phosphate cement in comparison with bone plate in fracture repair in rabbit. Experimental in vivo study. A total of 18 adult male White New Zealand rabbits, weighing 3.0±0.250 Kg and about 6 months old were used. They were fasted 4 h before start of experiment and were off-water even 2 h too. They were divided into 2 groups of bone plate (I) and cement (II) of 9 rabbits each which subsequently divided into 3 subgroups of 1(I a and II a) month and 2 (Ib and IIb)and 3 (Ic and IIc) months duration in each group. Approach: Under general anesthesia and aseptic condition the craniolateral surface of right radial was exposed and a piece of full thickness from mid-section of radial bone in length of 1cm was removed using electrical bone vibrator in the all rabbit. The both ends of this bone was stabilized using mini bone plate of 4 holes in the group I , whereas prehardened cylinders of cement were implanted into rabbit radial defects in the group II rabbits. Radiographs were taken on zero days after creation of gap and on 1, 2 and 3 months from each rabbit using parameters such as local changes, stabilization of implant and bone, bone formation and implant biodegradation. Results:Comparison of clinical signs in the I and II indicated that they had similar physical activity and same degree of lameness during observation period of 90 days Radiographyically keeping in view the parameters were used to evaluate the major changes revealed no sign of infection on the edges of each defect and both groups permitted stabilization of the defected bones and maintenance of correct position. The new bone formation and the implant biodegradation in the bone defects could be clearly reflected by the gradually weakened umbral on the radiographs during the whole process one repair in group I was not as perfect as those in cement or group II samples. Conclusion/Recommendations: Application of paste of tetra calcium phosphate and diacalcium phosphate indicated to have positive effect in integral formation of qualitative callus at the site of fracture and early re-organization of callus too.