A study was conducted to estimate the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) for Habbaniya Lake in central Iraq for irrigation purposes. The samples were taken at sixteen stations in October 2019. Studied samples were examined for ten Physico-chemical parameters Hydrogen Number (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Temperature (T °C), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (T.H.), Turbidity (NTU), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Na+, Cl−, and HCO3 −. The results showed that 68.75% of the study water samples fall within the low restriction category (LR) irrigation water in eleven stations (which is dominant in all parts) and 25% of the search region falls under the no restriction category (NR) irrigation water in four stations (which is dominant in the northwestern part at station 5-8). Meanwhile, a small part of the study area represents 6.25% of the water samples is classified as a moderate restriction (MR) irrigation water in one station (in the central part). Accordingly, these categories are suitable to use only with the soil having low to moderate permeability with a plant of some kind for specified tolerance of moderate salts content. The IWQI is homogeneous and suitable for irrigation in all parts, especially the northwestern part which represents the entrance waters through Warar Canal that fed principally from the Euphrates River.

A total of 23 samples are collected from Injana and Mukdadiya Formations representing: sandstone (14 samples from Injana Formation and 9 samples from Mukdadiya Formation). 19 sandstone samples are thin sectioned for petrographic study (10 thin sections from Injana and 9 thin sections from Mukdadiya) and 23 sandstone samples are selected for heavy minerals study (14 samples from Injana and 9 samples from Mukdadiya). The petrographic investigations revealed that the sandstone of Injana and Mukdadiya Formations are composed primarily of rock fragments (sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic), quartz (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) and feldspars (orthoclase, microcline and plagioclase). The matrix is subordinate and the cement is mostly carbonate. The amount of quartz in Injana sandstone is more than of that in Mukdadiya sandstone and the amount of rock fragment in Injana sandstone is less than of that in Mukdadiya sandstone. Provenances of the Injana and Mukdadiya Formations consist primarily sedimentary and igneous rocks and subordinate metamorphic rocks. These sandstones are classified as Litharenites and are mineralogically immature. The heavy minerals assemblages include opaque minerals as major component, epidotes, garnet, amphiboles, clinopyroxenes, orthopyroxenes, chromian spinal, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, chlorite, biotite, muscovite and others (kyanite and staurolite). These assemblages indicate that the heavy minerals are derived from mafic igneous and metamorphic rocks mainly as well as acidic igneous and reworked sediments. The tectonic provenances of both Injana and Mukdadiya Formations can be described as transitional and lithic recycled of recycled orogen.

Karst is one of the geological manifestations that form different earth shapes and scenic landscapes. Which are generally divided into surface landscapes that are important its sinkhole and the sub-surface landscapes. The research aims to compare the manifestations of karst for the study area and the typical karst (holocaust) areas in the world. The most important of which are the caves, which result from the process of dissolution the rocks of all kinds, But the most important rocks formed for karst carbon rocks, especially limestone rock, due to its abundant and moderate solubility. add to evaporated rocks, especially gypsum, come second in the form of karst manifestations. There are several surface landscapes karst forms in the Western Desert such as a Solution and Collapse Sinkhole and subsurface landscapes karst such as cavities formed from carbonate and gypsum rocks. Landscapes karst distribution in variable shapes and dimensions on surfaces of the plateaus on Zor Hauran, Ubaid, Hussainiyat, Amij, Dammam, Umm Er Radhuma, Russ, and Ms`ad within Euphrates Fatha and Zahra formations, which belongs to Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras times. The meaning of the non-typical karst is that the surface karst forms such as (Sinkholes) and the subsurface karst forms such as (cavities) are few in number in addition to the size, depth and dimensions of these phenomena are small compared to the typical karst forms, which are characterized by the abundance of their numbers in addition to the huge size of these karst phenomena. There are a number of reasons and observations that make this phenomenon unclear and not typical for the study area because of Lithology, geomorphology, tectonic, and climatic reasons. In addition to the time factor, which has a main role in the development of karst. The type of karst in Iraq belongs to the arid and semi-arid karst group depending on classification of karst assemblages according to climate.