Adversaries are often able to penetrate networks and compromise systems by exploiting vulnerabilities in people and systems. The key to the success of these attacks is information that adversaries collect throughout the phases of the cyber kill chain. We summarize and analyze the methods, tactics, and tools that adversaries use to conduct reconnaissance activities throughout the attack process. First, we discuss what types of information adversaries seek, and how and when they can obtain this information. Then, we provide a taxonomy and detailed overview of adversarial reconnaissance techniques. The taxonomy introduces a categorization of reconnaissance techniques based on the technical approach, including target footprinting, social engineering, network scanning, and local discovery. This paper provides a comprehensive view of adversarial reconnaissance that can help in understanding and modeling this complex but vital aspect of cyber attacks as well as insights that can improve defensive strategies, such as cyber deception.CCS Concepts: • Security and privacy;

Abstract:Background: Worldwide acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a major public health problem. Therefore, this study was undertaken to see the association of some biochemical risk factors with AIS in Bangladesh. Methodology: This study was conducted in Biochemistry department of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January 2014 to December 2014. In this study, 50 patients of AIS considered as case and 50 age and sex matched healthy individuals taken as control. Blood sample was collected and tested for serum calcium and lipid profile in case and control. All the parameters then compared statistically between two groups. Results: Study showed that serum calcium was significantly lower (p= 0.001) in cases and serum TChol, TAG, LDL-C significantly higher (p= 0.035, 0.001 and 0.019 respectively) and HDL-C significantly lower (0.001) in cases compared to controls. Conclusions: This study concludes that low serum calcium level and altered lipid profile are significantly associated with AIS.

Enterprises are increasingly concerned about adversaries that slowly and deliberately exploit resources over the course of months or even years. A key step in this kill chain is network reconnaissance, which has historically been active (e.g., network scans) and therefore detectable. However, new networking technology increases the possibility of passive network reconnaissance, which will be largely undetectable by defenders. In this paper, we propose Snaz, a technique that uses deceptively crafted honey traffic to confound the knowledge gained through passive network reconnaissance. We present a two-player non-zero-sum Stackelberg game model that characterizes how a defender should deploy honey traffic in the presence of an adversary who is aware of Snaz. In doing so, we demonstrate the existence of optimal defender strategies that will either dissuade an adversary from acting on the existence of real vulnerabilities observed within network traffic, or reveal the adversary's presence when it attempts to unknowingly attack an intrusion detection node.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The incidence of AMI is dependent on certain traditional predisposing risk factors. In addition to the traditional risk factors, raised serum calcium level is also being considered as an associated factor for AMI. The aim of the study is to evaluate the association of serum calcium level with acute myocardial infarction in a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh. This case control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January 2013 to December 2013. In this study, 50 diagnosed cases of AMI and 50 age and sex matched apparently healthy subjects were selected from DMCH purposively according to the selection criteria. Blood pressure, height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Biochemical parameters- serum calcium and fasting blood glucose in two groups were estimated in mmol/l. Then serum calcium was compared between two groups to observe the association with AMI. Results were analyzed statistically in SPSS version 17.0. Unpaired student's 't'-test and Spearman correlation analysis was done. All the results were expressed as mean ±SD and p value <0.05 was accepted as level of significance. Present study showed that serum calcium level was significantly higher(p=.001) in cases (2.61±.15 mmol/l) when compared with that of controls (2.13±.15mmol/l). Serum calcium also showed a significant positive correlation with AMI (rho=0.858, p=0.001).Findings of study concludes that increased serum calcium is associated with AMI.Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2015; 8(1): 16-20

Acute ischemic stroke occurs more frequently in diabetic patients. The purpose of the present study was to observe the association of diabetes mellitus with acute ischemic stroke in Bangladeshi population. This case-control study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2014 to December 2014. Patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke, age ranges from 18 to 65 years of both sexes, were taken as the case group. Age-and sex-matched healthy individuals were selected as control group. History of diabetes of both cases and controls were recorded and blood sample was collected from both cases and controls after overnight fasting for the estimation of blood sugar. A total number of 100 study subjects were taken of which 50 subjects presented with acute ischemic stroke were considered as cases and the rest 50 healthy subjects were taken as controls. In this study, the mean(±SD) of age of cases and controls were 56.54±12.18 and 53.34±7.98 years respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between mean age of the groups (p=0.124). Mean (±SD) of BMI was significantly higher in cases than that of controls (p=0.002) which were 27.25±3.25 and 25.38±2.57 respectively and the study subjects were sex matched, the difference between cases and controls was not statistically significant (p= 0.414). Diabetes mellitus was more commonly reported in case group (46.0%) than control group (6.0%) and the difference was found statistically significant (p=0.001). The risk estimation was calculated and was found a 13.34 OR (95% C.I. 3.66 to 48.62). From the findings of this study in may be concluded that diabetes mellitus is significantly associated with acute ischemic stroke.Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2016; 9(2): 45-48