Sustainable Development (SD) is a fundamental objective in the European Union (EU) and transport is considered one of the key challenges necessary to achieve it. Although transport is mostly contested from the environmental dimension, an investigation of peer-reviewed literature along with EU policy documents suggests that the transport and accessibility (T&A) criteria of infrastructure, accessibility distance, and multimodality can positively contribute to SD. However, despite this synergetic relation between T&A and SD, a practical analysis of such enablers is unknown at the regional European level. Therefore, this study investigates the Mediterranean as a study area by analyzing 79 identified passenger ports as passenger transport land-sea interaction points. Based on open access data, port infrastructure and ship accessibility, hinterland accessibility, and multimodality are evaluated as the passenger T&A enablers for SD. Comparative geo-spatial analyses are also carried out among the passenger ports' levels of enablers by using the data normalization method. These data driven comprehensive analytical results can bring added value to SD policy and planning initiatives in the Mediterranean. This study may also contribute to the development of relevant passenger port performance indicators for boosting port or regional competition and attractiveness towards SD.

Graphical passwords are implemented as an alternative scheme to replace alphanumeric passwords to help users to memorize their password. However, most of the graphical password systems are vulnerable to shoulder-surfing attack due to the usage of the visual interface. In this research, a method that uses shifting condition with digraph substitution rules is proposed to address shoulder-surfing attack problem. The proposed algorithm uses both password images and decoy images throughout the user authentication procedure to confuse adversaries from obtaining the password images via direct observation or watching from a recorded session. The pass-images generated by this suggested algorithm are random and can only be generated if the algorithm is fully understood. As a result, adversaries will have no clue to obtain the right password images to log in. A user study was undertaken to assess the proposed method's effectiveness to avoid shoulder-surfing attacks. The results of the user study indicate that the proposed approach can withstand shoulder-surfing attacks (both direct observation and video recording method). The proposed method was tested, and the results showed that it is able to resist shoulder-surfing and frequency of occurrence analysis attacks. Moreover, the experience gained in this research can be pervaded the gap on the realm of knowledge of the graphical password.

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Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) have been around for quite some time, and the last decade has seen an upswing of the technology in the transport industry. While some countries have already been laying the groundwork for the successful implementation of CAVs, developing countries like Bangladesh in particular have been lagging in the process. However, Bangladesh is investing in road infrastructure development to comply with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) demand, with the introduction of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system establishment in major highways. Introduction of CAVs to any country, of course, depends on market dynamics shaped by people's willingness to pay. The real challenge however lies with the sophisticated connectivity and maintenance demand of CAVs, built upon an infrastructure that requires exacting standards. This study explores such requirements, ranging from traffic signs and road markings, and adequate parking facilities to proper drainage and geometric structure of roadways, following existing guidelines and/or common practices in some of the developed countries. A qualitative evidence synthesis approach is undertaken later to investigate the current infrastructural capability of Bangladesh with respect to these observed benchmarks. In order to assess geometric features, pavement condition, and road markings, a total of 1036 photos were collected and later analyzed from three important intersections of the city of Dhaka. This method was backed up by an extensive literature review of previous studies pertinent to the features that fall under the purview of this study. Key limitations found through the study were assessed in the light of possible measures to overcome them. Finally, recommendations are presented, which albeit need to be investigated of their feasibility and economic viability first. This study intends to provide a baseline of the infrastructure required for introducing the CAVs, which is believed to be applicable for other developing countries with a similar situation.