One of the nutrients that babies need is iron (Fe). Iron content can be measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). This method is often used because it is simpler, more accurate and has high precision. This study was to determine iron levels and to determine precision of examination of iron levels in breast milk using AAS. The method of this research is the preparation of samples, tools, and materials, the manufacture of a standard solution of iron (Fe), and the calculation of the precision value of the examination of iron levels in breast milk. According to the findings, the three test groups' average Fe level was 1.1486 mg/L. This study's precision test was run based on repeatability. In this study, the precision test was conducted by measuring three groups of samples ten times. The precision test based on repeatability is declared acceptable by comparing the CV value obtained with CV-Horwitz, if the %CV obtained is less than CV-Horwitz, then the precision test based on repeatability is acceptable. Based on the measurements that have been made, CV (%) in test group A is 7.0690, test group B is 9.0686, test group C is 7.9807. These results indicate that the three test groups have CV % which is smaller than CV-Horwitz. Depending on the findings of the study, the validation of the technique for calculating Fe levels using AAS satisfies the standards for the approved value.

The relationship between obesity and insulin resistance is influenced by various factors, including genetics. ADRB2 gene polymorphisms of Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu showed inconsistent results toward obesity and insulin resistance in some populations. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of the genetic polymorphisms of Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu of the ADRB2 gene and to analyze risk factors for obesity and insulin resistance in Javanese sample population. This study was conducted on 100 control and 100 obese subjects. Subjects were measured for body weight and height to determine body mass index. Waist hip ratio was calculated by dividing the size of waist circumference by hip circumference. Fasting blood glucose was measured with GOD-PAP methods, and plasma insulin levels was measured using ELISA. Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu ADRB2 gene polymorphisms were detected using the PCR-RFLP method. Results of polymorphisms of Arg16Gly showed that AG genotype decreased the risk of obesity with OR 0.264 (CI 95% : 0.119-0.585), p = 0,001 compared to the AA genotype. CG genotype of Gln27Glu increased the risk of obesity with RR 2.082 (CI 95% : 1.786-2.427). CC and CG genotypes toward GG genotype in the obese group had significant differences for plasma insulin, but were not significantly different for BMI, waist hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, and HOMA-IR. The combination of Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu AG+CG decreased the risk of obesity compared to AA+GG; however, it was not associated with insulin resistance.

Diabetes Melitus Tipe-2 (DM tipe-2) merupakan penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia yang terjadi akibat rendahnya sekresi insulin atau kerja insulin yang dihasilkan oleh sel beta pankreas, serta terjadinya gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat, lipid, dan protein. Hiperglikemia akan menyebabkan terjadinya inflamasi pada DM tipe-2 yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar sitokin proinflamasi seperti IL-6, sehingga diperlukan adanya alternatif pengobatan yang dapat menekan respon imun tersebut seperti pemanfaatan tanaman (Terminalia catappa) dan (Centella asiatica) yang berpotensi sebagai anti-oksidan dan anti-inflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Terminalia catappa dan Centella asiatica terhadap kadar IL-6 pada DM tipe-2. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Literature review dengan melakukan pencarian artikel pada database Google Scholar, dan science direct dengan metode PICO yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2011-2021. Hasil penelusuran literatur diperoleh 10 artikel yang sesuai. Artikel-artikel tersebut terdiri dari 5 artikel dengan pemberian ekstrak Terminalia catappa dan 5 artikel dengan pemberian ekstrak Centella asiatica pada DM tipe-2. Pada kelompok DM tipe-2 dengan perlakuan pemberian ekstrak Terminalia catappa atau pemberian ekstrak Centella asiatica, ditemukan kadar IL-6 dan kadar glukosa darah lebih rendah daripada kelompok tanpa perlakuan pemberian ekstrak. Variasi penambahan dosis ekstrak Terminalia catappa atau Centella asiatica berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa dan IL-6 pada DM tipe-2. Adanya pengaruh berupa variasi penambahan dosis ekstrak Terminalia catappa dan ekstrak Centella asiatica terhadap penurunan kadar IL-6 dapat menjadi imunomodulator dalam penekanan sel imun pada DM tipe-2 agar tidak terjadi inflamasi.

Type-2 diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels due to decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells, or inappropriate insulin action. The pathophysiology of type-2 diabetes is related to inflammatory mechanisms caused by an increase in proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6. Propolis has an anti-inflammatory role that can influence type 2 diabetes. To determine the effect of propolis as an anti-inflammatory to the IL-6 cytokines in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus A Literature review by searching electronic databases on Pubmed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar with the keywords "propolis or bee propolis and IL-6 levels or interleukin-6 levels and diabetes type-2 or type-2 diabetes" published in 2010-2020. Based on the search results, 9 journals were found. These articles consist of 5 experimental articles and 4 RCT articles. Five databases reported a decrease in IL-6 levels and three journals stated that there was an increase in IL-6 levels in the type-2 diabetes group after being given propolis. One journal reported no significant difference. Variations in propolis administration and time in IL-6 measurements affected the tendency to decrease IL-6 levels in type 2 diabetes patients. The active components in propolis were influenced by differences in plant resources, collection season, bee species, and solvents used in the extraction. IL-6 levels in the type-2 diabetes group tended to decrease after propolis administration compared to the type-2 diabetes group without propolis administration. IL-6 levels in the type-2 diabetes group increased after propolis administration because IL-6 helps improve chronic inflammation associated with type-2 diabetes.