Meckel Gruber syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive lethal malformation characterized by typical manifestations of occipital encephalocele, bilateral polycystic kidneys and post-axial polydactyly. One such rare case at 28 weeks of gestation was terminated and its case report with the phenotypic features, fetal autopsy and histo-pathological examination are discussed.

BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine tumours occur at various sites in the human body. They are considered as one of the close differentials for many tumours. Various benign and malignant tumours undergo neuroendocrine differentiation. Its incidence is slightly increasing due to advanced imaging modalities. Although rare, they can be seen in breast, gallbladder and skin. The aim of the study is to study the spectrum of neuroendocrine tumours from various sites, their clinical presentation, histomorphological features with immunohistochemistry and review of literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study for a period of 3 years (June 2013-June 2016). Surgical resection specimens were included in the study. Out of the total specimens received, 24 cases were of neuroendocrine tumours. Differential diagnosis of small round cell tumours also was considered and a panel of immunohistochemical markers were included to rule out them. Biopsy specimens were excluded from the study. RESULTS Out of the 24 cases, 18 cases were benign lesions. 6 cases were malignant lesions. Female preponderance was noted. Peak incidence was seen in 20-30 years of age group. CONCLUSION Neuroendocrine tumours can occur anywhere in the body and it should be considered in one of the differential diagnosis. Diagnosis must be accurately made.

BACKGROUNDThyroid gland is unique among endocrine organs. Thyroid tumours are the most common endocrine tumours which affect females more frequently at age range of 30-60 years most of which are benign. Malignant neoplasms of thyroid are not uncommon with follicular pattern lesions. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy is itself not a reliable method to differentiate between benign and malignant follicular tumours. Surgical resection helps in accurate diagnosis of these tumours. AIMS AND OBJECTIVESTo study the distribution of lesions according to age, sex and with clinicohistomorphological correlation. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study is a retrospective and prospective analysis of thyroid swellings received at our tertiary care centre during the period of two and half years between January 2013 and June 2015 in the age range of 6 years to 78 years. A total of 148 specimens received during the period were analysed for clinical and histomorphological features. Immunohistochemistry was done for diagnosis of difficult cases. RESULTSOut of total 148 cases, most common clinical presentation was multinodularity in 67 cases (45%), solitary nodules in 54 (36%). Out of benign lesions-84 (57%) were nodular hyperplasias, 5 cases (3%) of colloid cyst. Malignant lesions composed 32 cases, PTC constituted 25 cases (18%), 3 (2%) cases of medullary carcinoma of thyroid, anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid diagnosed (0.5%). CONCLUSIONOur study over a period of two and half years of thyroidectomies showed female preponderance. The most common lesion amongst benign lesions was nodular hyperplasia and papillary carcinoma was commonest in malignancies.

BACKGROUND Thyroid disorders are common in females and their impact on the female reproduction is well established. The role of thyroid hormone on male reproduction received much attention with recognition of thyroid hormone receptor expression on gonadal cells. Studies in humans evaluating the impact of varying severity of thyroid hypofunction on male fertility are limited. OBJECTIVE To study the thyroid status and correlation with semen parameters in male partners of couples attending infertility clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, data on thyroid hormone levels, anti-TPO antibodies, semen parameters of 125 men attending infertility clinic, after excluding men with known thyroid disorder, on thyroid medication, other drugs and medical conditions which have an influence on thyroid status, were analysed. RESULTS Of the total 125 subjects, 84% men were euthyroid, whereas thyroid hypofunction, which included subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism was observed in 14.4% and 1.6% of men respectively. 11% of the subjects had positive anti-TPO antibodies. Normal semen parameters were observed in 82 subjects whereas 43 men had abnormal semen parameters. None of the semen parameters correlated with TSH; however, there was a non-significant increase in spermatozoa with abnormal morphology (95% vs. 90.8%, p=0.522), decrease in spermatozoa with normal morphology (5% vs. 7.38, p=0.273) and decrease in sperm count (49.24 vs. 37.67 million/mL, p=0.473) in subjects with TSH>10 in comparison with subjects with TSH<10. CONCLUSION This study found higher prevalence of thyroid hypofunction, and higher positive TPO antibody status among men attending infertility clinic. No correlation was found between thyroid hormones and semen parameters.