Introduction:Staphylococcus have become common cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Resistance to a number of drugs have increased and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and inducible clindamycin resistance (iMLSB) have become a major problem for the treatment of Staphylococcal infections. This study was undertaken to detect MRSA and iMLSB and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Materials and Methods: 150 isolates of Staphylococcus were studied for detecting the antibiotic resistance pattern and also to detect MRSA using cefoxitin disc and oxacillin E test. iMLSB resistance among MRSA strains was detected using D test. Results: Out of 150 isolates of Staphylococcus, 117(78%) isolates were of Staphylococcus aureus and 33(22%) isolates were of Coagulase negative Staphylococci. Staphylococcus was most sensitive to vancomycin followed by linezolid and clindamycin. Penicillin was the least sensitive antibiotic. 29 (24.7%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus were MRSA. Among them, 16(44.8%) were erythromycin resistant and 4(13.7%) of erythromycin resistant strains were found to be inducible clindamycin resistant. Conclusion:Testing of all the isolates of Staphylococcus for antibiotic resistance and to test Staphylococcus aureus for MRSA and for iMLSB resistance is important in determining the antibiotic sensitivity which will prevent treatment failure.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infection and is associated with significant morbidity in the community. Most of the UTI cases are treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics which invariably results in the development of resistance. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates causing UTI and to determine Extended spectrum beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in Gram negative isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 724 urine samples were studied and bacteria identified by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Detection of ESBL was done as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Significant bacteriuria was detected in 238 (32.8%) samples. The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli 148 (58.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 57 (22.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus 18 (7.1%) followed by Enterococcus spp 7 (2.7%), Proteus mirabilis 6 (2.4%), Citrobacter koseri 6 (2.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5(2%) and Staphylococcus saphrophyticus 4 (1.6%). ESBL production was seen in Klebsiella pneumoniae 12 (21%), followed by Escherichia coli 26 (17.5%). Most of the Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to meropenam, piperacillintazobactum and nitrofurantoin. Conclusion: This study reveals that many bacteria causing UTI are multidrug resistant pathogens. This suggests that regular monitoring and modification of empirical therapy and it's validation by culture report is required to prevent morbidity associated with this disease.