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This paper is a development of our earlier work [5,6,11]. The effects of classroom ventilation on pupils' performance were investigated in 8 primary schools in England. In each school the concentrations of carbon dioxide and other parameters were monitored for three weeks in two selected classrooms. In 16 classrooms interventions were made to improve the ventilation rate and maintain the temperature within an acceptable range using a purpose-built portable mechanical ventilation system. As a result of the interventions the provision of outdoor air to the classrooms was improved from the prevailing levels of about 1 l/s per person to about 8 l/s per person.The pupils and teachers in the classrooms studied were usually exposed to unacceptably poor air quality conditions, with CO2 concentrations of up to 5000 ppm, much higher than the average recommended levels of 1500 ppm and the preferred level of 1000 ppm.The results of computerized performance tasks performed by more than 200 pupils showed significantly faster and more accurate responses for Choice Reaction (by 2.2%), Colour Word Vigilance (by 2.7%), Picture Memory (by 8%) and Word Recognition (by 15%) at the higher ventilation rates compared with the low ventilation conditions.The present investigation provides strong evidence that low ventilation rates in classrooms significantly reduce pupils' attention and vigilance, and negatively affect memory and concentration. The physical environment therefore affects teaching and learning.

Table I. Commonly-eaten starchy legumes Common name Other names Botanical name Main region of consumption Adzuki bean Bean Black gram Broad bean Chickpea Cowpea Lentil Lima bean Mung bean Pea Pigeon pea Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwit & Ohashi Haricot bean Phaseolus vulgmis L. Kidney bean Field bean Urd Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Faba bean Viciafaba L. Field bean Bengal gram Cicer arietinum L. Black-eyed bean (pea) Vigna unguiculatrr (L.) Walp. Southern pea Split pea Lens culinaris Medik Butter bean Phaseolus lunatus L. Green gram Field pea Pisum sativitm L. Red gram Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Cujanus cajm (I2.) Millsp.

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These observations imply that these puffing variables are not controlled by the nicotine yield of the cigarette.