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Wireless sensor network (WSN) has proved to be a hardcore desideratum for the continuous monitoring of hostile areas suffering from devastating forest fires, sudden volcanic eruptions, floods and many more. It can be contemplated by reviewing the state-of-the-art routing strategies, network instability and the delay incurred in data reception at the user end may lead to deplorable circumstances. In this study, a design of a novel routing architecture is proposed for harsh environment monitoring in heterogeneous WSN. It aims to ameliorate the stability period and network lifetime by shortening the communicative distance of nodes from the gateway node and by mitigating the hot-spot problem in the network. This architecture comprises of a network with multiple gateway nodes (MGNs) (four in this case), placed at equidistant from each other, outside the monitoring area. MGN is enriched with unlimited resources of energy, computation and coverage capabilities. The proposed MGN-based routing architecture (MRA) also improves the cluster head selection by incorporating node density factor along with energy and distance. Simulations show that MRA outperforms the state-of-the-art protocols, i.e. thresholdsensitive energy-efficient delay-aware routing protocol, Stable and Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol (SEECP), and Distance based Residual Energy-Efficient Stable Election Protocol (DRESEP) for two different cases of 'nodes and energy' fractions at various performance metrics.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising paradigm in which the objects are fused with the capabilities of sensing, networking, identifying and processing to make it feasible for them to communicate with one another and with the other dedicated devices over the Internet to acquire some goals. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based IoT has proliferated its manifold applications in almost every sector of human lives. Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in WSN-based IoT still requires significant research attention. In this paper, QoS provisioning-based routing protocols are proposed that use multiple data sinks in WSN-based IoT. The proposed protocols are named as Optimized-Energy and Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (O-ETSSEP) and Multiple data Sinks-based Optimized-ETSSEP (MSO-ETSSEP). The Cluster Head (CH) selection is optimized by incorporating distance, residual energy, node density and energy threshold factors in both protocols. Both protocols use three levels of energy heterogeneity for the energy balancing in the network. MSO-ETSSEP employs multiple (four) data sinks around each periphery of the square-shaped network to mitigate the hot-spot problem by circumventing multi-hop communication. The performance evaluation of these protocols is done based on the QoS provisioning performance metrics. The simulation results obtained confirm the superiority of the proposed protocols over the state-of-the-art protocols.

Background: The green Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) have brought a revolution in uplifting the technology efficiently to facilitate human sector in the best possible way. Green Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) tactically focuses on improving the survival period of deployed nodes (as they have limited battery) in any target area. Objectives: To address this concern, the main objective is to improve the routing in WSN. The cluster-based routing helps in acquiring the same with the appropriate Cluster Head (CH) selection. The use of energy heterogeneous nodes that normally comprise of high energy nodes, puts a lot of financial burden on the users as they incur a huge cost and becomes a bottleneck for the growth of green WSN. So, another objective is to reduce this cost involved in the network. Method: In order to pact with it, a cost-effective routing protocol is proposed that introduces energy efficient CH selection by incorporating parameters namely, node density, residual energy, total energy of network and distance factor. Thus, the proposed protocol is termed as Cost-Effective Cluster-based Routing Protocol (CECRP) as it performs remarkably better with only two energy level nodes as compared to state-of-the-art protocols with three levels nodes. Results and Conclusion: It can be encapsulated from the simulation results that CECRP outperforms TEDRP, SEECP and DRESEP protocols on different performance metrics. Furthermore, it is comprehended from the simulation results that CECRP proves to be 33.33% more cost-effective as compared to the aforementioned protocols, hence CERCP favors the green WSN.