Ensemble simulations are a promising technique for identifying the signal of atmospheric response to extra-tropical sea surface temperature variability with high statistical significance. The basic idea is to perform multiple simulations from slightly different initial conditions and then to study the average signal of the ensemble. A significant obstacle to performing such ensemble simulations is the bookkeeping required to prepare, execute, and track the progress of hundreds of different computations. We describe an ensemble simulation experiment in which the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model was run on the U.S. TeraGrid. In this experiment, we used the GriPhyN Virtual Data System to manage our ensemble simulations and their execution on distributed resources, achieving dramatic (order-of-magnitude) reductions in turnaround time relative to previous manual experiments.

The article analyzes own and published data concerning muscle elements present in various parts of the trematode reproductive system. The data on the presence of serotonergic and peptidergic (FMRFamidergic) nerve elements evidence the innervation of the trematode reproductive system departments by these neurotransmitters. The available literature information was supplemented by results of the study carried out on Prodistomum alaskense, a representative of the family Lepocreadiidae, an intestinal parasite of deep-sea fish (Zaprora silenus and Aptocyclus ventricosus). The localization of serotonergic and FMRFamidergic nerve structures was determined by immunocytochemistry. The musculature was stained using TRITC (tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate) conjugated phalloidin. The slides were examined using a fluorescent microscope and a confocal laser scanning microscope. An analysis of the data and information in the literature suggest that the muscular system of the reproductive system is well developed in trematodes of various taxonomic groups and represented by circular, longitudinal, and, in some cases, by diagonal muscle fibers. The musculature of the trematode reproductive system is innervated by serotonergic and peptidergic (FMRFamidergic) neurons and their fibers which may be involved in regulating the contractile activity in various parts of the trematode reproductive system.

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Trematodes of the Bucephalidae family differ from all other trematodes by the number of morphological characteristics including the structure of their attachment organ as well as the digestive and reproductive systems. In this study, the muscular system and nerve components containing serotonin and neuropeptide FMRFamid were investigated in Rhipidocotyle campanula (Bucephalidae family) from the intestine of the pike. Using immunocytochemical methods and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), data on the presence and distribution of neurotransmitters serotonin as well as the neuropeptide FMRFamide in the central and peripheral nervous system of Rh. campanula were obtained. When studying the relationship of nerve structures containing the studied neurotransmitters, muscle fibers of the muscle elements of the parasite were stained using the phalloidin associated with the fluorophore. Information on the organization of the muscular system, attachment organ, digestive and reproductive systems is given. The data obtained suggest that serotonergic and FMRF-amidergic nerve structures are involved in the regulation of the function of the attachment organ, as well as the digestive and terminal departments of the eproductive system of Rh. campanula. A comparative analysis of the obtained results and related data available in the literature for other trematodes was carried out.

The work provides data on the presence and localization in the nervous system of the causative agent of dicroceliosis, Dicrocoelium lanceatum serotonergic and FMRFaminergic structures. Using the immunocytochemical method and confocal scanning laser microscopy, the test substances were found in the central and peripheral parts of the parasite's nervous system — in the head ganglia, the central nervous commissure, the longitudinal nerve trunks and the transverse commissures connecting them. The innervation of the nerve fibers of the attachment organs of trematodes by immunoreactive to serotonin and neuropeptide is shown.Trematode Dicrocoelium lanceatum (Stiles and Hassal, 1896) (Dicrocoeliidae) is the causative agent of Dicroceliosis, a widespread helminthiasis of domestic and wild animals. Dwelling in the bile ducts of the liver and in the gallbladder, dicroceliums cause irreversible pathological changes in the host organism, chronic inflammation of the bile ducts, cirrhosis of the liver, and metabolic processes in animals occur. As a result of the disease, animals are depleted, their productivity decreases, growth and development lag, and the nutritional and caloric value of meat decrease.In the cycle of development of the causative agent of dicroceliasis, the intermediate hosts are land mollusks, while the additional hosts are ants. The eggs of the parasite along with the bile enter the host intestine, and then with the feces into the external environment. Mollusks swallow eggs, miracidia come out from the eggs in the intestines of the mollusk, and penetrate the liver, where daughter sporocysts develop, in which cercariae form. Of the daughter sporocysts, cercariae are introduced into the respiratory cavity of the mollusk, where they are covered with sticky mucous substance. The formed mucous lumps are pushed by the respiratory movements of the mollusk into the external environment. Infection of ants occurs when eating these mucous balls. Once in the intestinal tract, cercariae enter the ant's abdominal cavity, where they turn into metacercariae. The definitive owners infect on pastures, swallowing invasive ants along with grass.