Iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disorders are the most common types of anemia. Disorders of iron metabolism lead to different clinical scenarios such as iron deficiency anemia, iron overload, iron overload with cataract and neurocognitive disorders. Regulation of iron in the body is a complex process and different regulatory proteins are involved in iron absorption and release from macrophages into hematopoietic tissues. Mutation in these regulatory genes is the most important cause of iron refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA). This review provides a glance into the iron regulation process, diseases related to iron metabolism, and appropriate treatments at the molecular level.

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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a useful treatment. In contrast to solid organ transplantations, the use of ABO blood group mismatch is acceptable in HSCT. Immediate or late hemolytic reactions, pure red cell aplasia, delayed red blood cell recovery, and graft-versus -host disease are the results of this situation. This review shows the consequences of ABO-mismatched HSCT and its impacts on HSCT parameters, as well as providing clinical guides in this situation.

Introduction Little is known about the expression of immune checkpoint receptors in the peripheral blood of lymphoma patients. Herein, we assessed the expression of inhibitory checkpoint receptors, including CTLA‐4, PD‐1/PDL‐1, LAG‐3, and TIM‐3 in the peripheral blood of lymphoma patients and its correlation with the clinical outcomes of patients. Therefore, 47 classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), 48 non‐Hodgkin lymphoma patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) subtype, and 30 healthy controls were recruited. Methods The expression of inhibitory receptors was evaluated using SYBR Green real‐time PCR method. Results CTLA‐4, LAG‐3, and TIM‐3 genes were significantly upregulated in both cHL and DLBCL patients compared to the healthy controls. In addition, the level of these molecules was differentially expressed in cHL and DLBCL patients at different disease phases compared to the healthy controls. The CTLA‐4 gene was highly expressed in newly diagnosed (ND) cHL patients compared to the relapsed ones. Relapsed DLBCL patients had significantly increased LAG‐3 expression compared to patients at remission, as well as ND patients. Regarding cHL patients, high CTLA‐4 expression was correlated with low lactate dehydrogenase level and better performance status, whereas the level of LAG‐3 was significantly elevated in patients with poor performance status. Lower initial PD‐1 expression was associated with improved disease‐free survival in cHL patients. Conclusions Inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors are aberrantly expressed in the peripheral blood of cHL and DLBCL patients in which high LAG‐3 in DLBCL patients and PD‐1/LAG‐3 in cHL patients are associated with relapse occurrence and worse prognosis, respectively.